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{{DisambigLink|description = Scooby Gang member|page = Xander}}
{{Redirect|Russian Federation|other uses of "Russia"|Russia (disambiguation)}}
 
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{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
 
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{{Character
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
 
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|Image = S6 058 Xander.jpg
{{Coord|60|N|90|E|display=title}}
 
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|First = "[[Welcome to the Hellmouth]]"
{{Infobox country
 
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|Last = ''[[Finale]]''
|conventional_long_name = Russian Federation
 
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|Name = Alexander Lavelle Harris
|common_name = Russia
 
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|Aliases = Xander<br />Xan Man<ref name="Blood Ties">"[[Blood Ties]]"</ref><br />Xan<br />Alex<ref name="TabulaRasa">"[[Tabula Rasa]]"</ref><br />Nighthawk<ref>"[[Dead Man's Party]]"</ref>
|native_name = {{native name|ru|Российская Федерация|italics=off}}<br />''{{small|Rossiyskaya Federatsiya}}''
 
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|Born = January 1981, Sunnydale, California
|image_flag = Flag of Russia.svg
 
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|Status = Alive
|image_coat = Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg
 
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|Classification = [[Human]]
|national_anthem = <br />"''[[National anthem of Russia|Gosudarstvenny gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii]]''"{{nbsp|2}}{{small|([[Romanization of Russian|transliteration]])}}<br />{{small|"State Anthem of the Russian Federation"}}<br /><center>[[File:National Anthem of Russia (2000), instrumental, one verse.ogg]]</center>
 
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|Affiliation = [[Scooby Gang]]<br />[[Slayer Organization]]<br />[[Sunnydale High]] students<br />[[Class of '99]]<br />[[Sunnydale High Swim Team]]<br />[[The Pack (group)|The Pack]]<br />[[We Hate Cordelia Club]]
|image_map = Russian_Federation (orthographic_projection) - Crimea disputed.svg
 
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|Known relatives = [[Jessica Harris]] <small>(mother)</small><br />[[Anthony Harris]] <small>(father)</small><br />[[Rory]] <small>(uncle)</small><br />[[Dave (Xander's uncle)|Dave]] <small>(uncle)</small><br />[[Carol Harris|Carol]] <small>(cousin)</small><br />[[Karen Harris|Karen]] <small>(cousin)</small><br />[[Joyce Harris]]<small> (daughter)</small>
|map_width = 220px
 
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|Powers = *Knowledge of military training, tactics, and weapons handling techniques.
|map_caption =Location of Russia (green)<br />Russian-administered [[Crimea]] ([[Political status of Crimea|disputed]]; light green)<sup>a</sup>
 
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*Extensive experience in vampire hunting and melee combat.
|capital = [[Moscow]]
 
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*Expert construction worker and repairman.
|coordinates = {{Coord|55|45|N|37|37|E|type:city}}
 
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*Temporarily [[Possession|possessed]] by a [[Primal|demonic hyena spirit]] that granted him heightened senses.
|largest_city = capital
 
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|Actor = [[Nicholas Brendon]]<br />[[Kelly Donovan]]<ref name="Replacement" /><br />Daniel Taylor<ref>''[[Season Eight Motion Comic]]''</ref>
|official_languages = [[Russian language|Russian]]
 
|national_languages = See [[Languages of Russia]]
 
|ethnic_groups =
 
{{unbulleted list
 
| 81.0% [[Russians|Russian]]
 
| 3.7% [[Tatars|Tatar]]
 
| 1.4% [[Ukrainians in Russia|Ukrainian]]
 
| 1.1% [[Bashkirs|Bashkir]]
 
| 1.0% [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]]
 
| 0.8% [[Chechen people|Chechen]]
 
| {{nowrap|11.0% others{{\}}unspecified}}
 
}}
 
|ethnic_groups_year = 2010<ref name="perepis-2010.ru"/>
 
|demonym = [[Russians|Russian]]
 
|government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[Constitutional Republic|constitutional republic]]<ref>[[Wikisource:Constitution of Russia]]</ref>
 
|leader_title1 = [[President of Russia|President]]
 
|leader_name1 = [[Vladimir Putin]]
 
|leader_title2= [[Prime Minister of Russia|Prime Minister]]
 
|leader_name2 = [[Dmitry Medvedev]]
 
|leader_title3 = [[Chairman of the Federation Council (Russia)|Chairman of the Federation Council]]
 
|leader_name3 = [[Valentina Matviyenko]]
 
|leader_title4 = [[Chairman of the State Duma]]
 
|leader_name4 = [[Vyacheslav Volodin]]
 
|legislature = [[Federal Assembly (Russia)|Federal Assembly]]
 
|upper_house = [[Federation Council (Russia)|Federation Council]]
 
|lower_house = [[State Duma]]
 
|sovereignty_type = [[History of Russia|Formation]]
 
|established_event1 = Arrival of [[Rurik]]<ref>
 
{{cite web|url=http://www.1150russia.ru/ukaz-prezidenta-rf-o-prazdnovanii-1150-letiya-zarozhdeniya-rossiyskoy-gosudarstvennosti.html |script-title=ru:Указ Президента РФ "О праздновании 1150-летия зарождения российской государственности" |trans-title=Presidential Decree "On celebrating the 1150th anniversary of Russian statehood" |language=Russian language |author= |date=March 3, 2011 |website=www.1150russia.ru |publisher={{lang|ru| Комитет культуры Новгородской области}} (Novgorod Region Culture Committee) |access-date=October 20, 2016 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233159/http://www.1150russia.ru/ukaz-prezidenta-rf-o-prazdnovanii-1150-letiya-zarozhdeniya-rossiyskoy-gosudarstvennosti.html |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>
 
|established_date1 = 862
 
|established_event2 = [[Kievan Rus']]
 
|established_date2 = 882
 
|established_event3 = [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]]
 
|established_date3 = 1283
 
|established_event4 = [[Tsardom of Russia|Tsardom]]
 
|established_date4 = January 16, 1547
 
|established_event5 = [[Russian Empire|Empire]]
 
|established_date5 = October 22, 1721
 
|established_event6 = [[Russian Republic|Republic]]
 
|established_date6 = September 14, 1917
 
|established_event7 = [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]]
 
|established_date7 = [[October Revolution|November 7 (October, 25), 1917]]
 
|established_event8 = [[Soviet Union]]
 
|established_date8 = [[Treaty on the Creation of the USSR|December 30, 1922]]
 
|established_event9 = [[Russia Day|Sovereignty Declaration]]
 
|established_date9 = [[Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|June 12, 1990]]
 
|established_event10 = [[Belavezha Accords|CIS Declaration]]
 
|established_date10 = December 8, 1991<sup>b</sup>
 
|established_event11 = Russian SFSR renamed into the Russian Federation
 
|established_date11 = December 25, 1991<sup>b</sup>
 
|established_event12 = [[Constitution of Russia|Current constitution]]
 
|established_date12 = December 12, 1993
 
|area_km2 = 17,075,200 <ref>
 
{{cite web |url=http://geography.about.com/od/countryinformation/a/bigcountries.htm |title=Biggest Countries The Twenty Largest Countries in Area in the World|author=Matt Rosenberg |date= |website=About.com |access-date=October 20, 2016 |quote=}}</ref>
 
|area_rank = 1st
 
|area_sq_mi = 6,592,772
 
|percent_water = 13<ref name=gen>{{cite web|title=The Russian federation: general characteristics |url=http://www.gks.ru/scripts/free/1c.exe?XXXX09F.2.1/010000R |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728064121/http://www.gks.ru/scripts/free/1c.exe?XXXX09F.2.1%2F010000R |archivedate=July 28, 2011 |work=Federal State Statistics Service |accessdate=April 5, 2008 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>&nbsp;{{small|(including swamps)}}
 
|population_estimate = 144,463,451 {{increase}}<ref name="gksru.xls">{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/Popul2017.xls|script-title= ru:Оценка численности населения на 1 января 2017 года и в среднем за 2016 год |language=Russian language |trans-title=Population estimates as of January 1, 2017 and the average for 2016 |format=XLS |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |website={{lang|ru|Федеральная служба государственной статистики}} (Federal State Statistics Service) |access-date=October 20, 2016 |quote=}}
 
</ref> (without Crimea){{refn|name="Popnote"|When including the [[Republic of Crimea]] and [[Sevastopol]], the total population of Russia rises to 146,804,372.<ref name="gksru.xls"/>}}
 
|population_estimate_year = 2017
 
|population_estimate_rank = 9th
 
|population_density_km2 = 8.4
 
|population_density_sq_mi = 21.5
 
|population_density_rank = 217th
 
|GDP_PPP = $4.000 trillion<ref name="imf3"/>
 
|GDP_PPP_year = 2017
 
|GDP_PPP_rank = 6th
 
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $27,900<ref name="imf3"/>
 
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 52nd
 
|GDP_nominal = $1.469 trillion<ref name="imf3"/>
 
|GDP_nominal_year = 2017
 
|GDP_nominal_rank = 11th
 
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $10,248<ref name=imf3>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=70&pr.y=7&sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=922&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: Russia|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|date=June 2017}}</ref>
 
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 72nd
 
|Gini = 37.7 <!--number only-->
 
|Gini_year = 2015
 
|Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
 
|Gini_ref = <ref name="WBgini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=RU |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate= November 2, 2017}}</ref>
 
|Gini_rank =
 
|HDI = 0.804 <!--number only-->
 
|HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
 
|HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady-->
 
|HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2016 – "Human Development for everyone"|date=2016|accessdate=March 21, 2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref>
 
|HDI_rank = 49th
 
|currency = [[Russian ruble]] ([[Ruble sign|₽]])
 
|currency_code = RUB
 
|utc_offset = +2 to +12
 
|date_format = dd.mm.yyyy
 
|drives_on = right
 
|calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Russia|+7]]
 
|cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ru]] |[[.su]] |[[.рф]]}}
 
| official_website = [http://government.ru/en/ government.ru]
 
|footnote_a = The Crimean Peninsula is [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262|recognized]] as territory of [[Ukraine]] by a majority of UN member nations, but is de facto [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|administered]] by Russia.<ref>{{cite news|last=Taylor|first=Adam|title=Crimea has joined the ranks of the world's 'gray areas.' Here are the others on that list.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/03/22/crimea-has-joined-the-ranks-of-the-worlds-gray-areas-here-are-the-others-on-that-list/|publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=March 27, 2014|date=March 22, 2014}}</ref>
 
|footnote_b = The [[Belavezha Accords]] was signed in Brest, Belarus on December 8, creating the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] in which the [[Supreme Soviet of Russia|Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR]] ratified the accords on December 12, denouncing the 1922 treaty. On December 25, Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation and the following the day on December 26, the [[Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union]] ratified the accords, effectively [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolving]] the Soviet Union.
 
|religion = [[Religion in Russia|See ''Religion in Russia'']]
 
|area_magnitude = 1 E13
 
 
}}
 
}}
   
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{{Quote|Seven years… Working with the Slayer. Seeing my friends get more and more powerful… All of them. And I'm the guy who fixes the windows. They'll never know how tough it is, Dawnie. To be the one who isn't chosen, to live so near to the spotlight and never step in it. But I know. I see more than anybody realizes because nobody's watching me.|Xander|Potential}}
'''Russia''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Russia.ogg|ˈ|r|ʌ|ʃ|ə|}}; {{lang-rus|Росси́я|Rossíya|rɐˈsʲijə}}; from the {{lang-el|Ρωσία}} — [[Rus' (region)|Rus']]), also officially known as the '''Russian Federation'''<ref>"The names Russian Federation and Russia shall be equal". {{cite web |title=The Constitution of the Russian Federation |work=(Article 1) |url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-02.htm |accessdate=June 25, 2009}}</ref> ({{lang-rus|Российская Федерация|r=Rossiyskaya Federatsiya|p=rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə}}), is a sovereign country in [[Eurasia]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513251/Russia |title=Russia |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=January 31, 2008}}</ref> At {{convert|17125200|km2|mi2}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianembassy.org/page/general-information|title=General Information|publisher=Russian Embassy, Washington DC}}</ref> Russia is the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|largest country in the world]] by surface area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greece.mid.ru/rus/russia/territoria_naselenie.html |title=Территория и население Российской Федерации |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416134542/https://www.greece.mid.ru/rus/russia/territoria_naselenie.html |archivedate=April 16, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Europe/Russia.html|title=Russia|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contrtv.ru/repress/2689/|title=Рекорды и антирекорды России|publisher=}}</ref> and the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|ninth most populous]], with over 144&nbsp;million people at the end of March 2016.<ref name="gksru.doc">{{cite web|format=DOC|url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/B16_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk04/8-0.doc||script-title=ru:Демография|trans-title=Demography|language=ru|work=[[Russian Federal State Statistics Service]]|date=2016|access-date=October 20, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Popnote" /> The European western part of the country is much more populated and [[Urbanization|urbanised]] than the eastern; about 77% of the population live in [[European Russia]]. Russia's capital [[Moscow]] is one of the [[largest cities in the world]]; other major [[List of cities and towns in Russia by population|urban centers]] include [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Novosibirsk]], [[Yekaterinburg]], [[Chelyabinsk]], [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Ufa]], and [[Kazan]].
 
   
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'''Alexander Lavelle "Xander" Harris''' was the best friend of [[Slayer]] [[Buffy Summers]] and a founding member of the [[Scooby Gang]]. Being the only one of his group of friends to not possess any supernatural abilities, Xander was usually the one who saw everything beyond the supernatural. Besides this, Xander was known to be very humorous and sarcastic, especially in the face of danger.
Extending across the entirety of [[North Asia|Northern Asia]] and much of [[Eastern Europe]], Russia spans [[Time in Russia|eleven time zones]] and incorporates a wide range of [[Environment of Russia|environments]] and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia [[borders of Russia|shares land borders]] with [[Norway]], [[Finland]], [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]] and [[Poland]] (both with [[Kaliningrad Oblast]]), [[Belarus]], [[Ukraine]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[China]], [[Mongolia]] and [[North Korea]]. It shares [[maritime border]]s with [[Japan]] by the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] and the [[United States|U.S.]] state of [[Alaska]] across the [[Bering Strait]].
 
   
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==Biography==
The [[East Slavs]] emerged as a recognizable group in [[Europe]] between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513251/Russia?anchor=ref422350|title=Russia|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2008}}</ref> Founded and ruled by a [[Varangian]] warrior elite and their descendants, the [[medieval]] state of [[Rus (state)|Rus]] arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] from the [[Byzantine Empire]],<ref name="Curtis" /> beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined [[Russian culture]] for the next millennium.<ref name="Curtis">{{cite web|last=Excerpted from Glenn E. Curtis (ed.)|title=Russia: A Country Study: Kievan Rus' and Mongol Periods|publisher=Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division of the [[Library of Congress]]|year=1998|url=http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Kievan.html|accessdate=July 20, 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230631/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Kievan.html|archivedate=September 27, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the [[Mongol invasion of Rus'|Mongol invasion]] and became tributaries of the nomadic [[Golden Horde]] in the 13th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Prawdin |first=Michael|author-link=Michael Prawdin |contributor-last=Chaliand |contributor-first=Gérard|contribution=Introduction |date=1967 |title=The Mongol Empire: Its Rise and Legacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xOTdQWlpGYC|location= |publisher=Transaction Publishers |pages=512–550 |isbn=141282897X}}</ref> The [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of [[Kievan Rus']]. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and [[Russian explorers|exploration]] to become the [[Russian Empire]], which was the third [[largest empire]] in history, stretching from [[Congress Poland|Poland]] on the west to [[Russian Alaska|Alaska]] on the east.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rein Taagepera|authorlink=Rein Taagepera|title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia|journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]]|volume=41|issue=3|pages=475–504|year= 1997|doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Peter Turchin|author2=Thomas D. Hall|author3=Jonathan M. Adams|format=PDF|url=http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol12/number2/pdf/jwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222011511/http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol12/number2/pdf/jwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf|archivedate=February 22, 2007|title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires|publisher=Journal of World-Systems Research, Vol. 12 (no. 2)|pages=219–229|date=2006}}</ref>
 
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===Early life===
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{{Quote|You're a whipping boy. Raised by mongrels and set on a sacrificial stone.|Snyder describes Xander in a dream.|Restless}}
   
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Xander was born to [[Anthony Harris|Anthony]] and [[Jessica Harris]] and grew up in the small California town of [[Sunnydale]] sometime before the middle of January in 1981.<ref>Xander claims he is seventeen in "[[Innocence]]" which takes place a day after Buffy's seventeenth birthday, indicating he was at least born sometime before she was.</ref> Xander's father struggled with alcohol addiction while his mother's mental health declined; both parents were negligent and even abusive towards their son, leaving him with various insecurities.<ref name="HellsBells">"[[Hell's Bells]]"</ref><ref name="Restless">"[[Restless]]"</ref>
Following the [[Russian Revolution]], the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] became the largest and leading constituent of the [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]], the world's first constitutionally [[socialist state]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jonathan R. Adelman|author2=Cristann Lea Gibson|title=Contemporary Soviet Military Affairs: The Legacy of World War&nbsp;II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XXcVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4+|accessdate=June 15, 2012|date=July 1, 1989|publisher=Unwin Hyman|isbn=978-0-04-445031-3|page=4}}</ref> The Soviet Union played [[Eastern Front (World War II)|a decisive role]] in the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] victory in [[World War&nbsp;II]],<ref>{{Cite book|author=Weinberg, G. L.|title=A World at Arms: A Global History of World War&nbsp;II|isbn=0-521-55879-4|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=264|year=1995}}</ref><ref>Rozhnov, Konstantin, "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4508901.stm Who won World War&nbsp;II?]". BBC.</ref> and emerged as a recognized [[superpower]] and rival to the [[United States]] during the [[Cold War]]. The Soviet era saw some of the [[Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records|most significant technological achievements]] of the 20th century, including the world's [[Sputnik|first human-made satellite]] and the launching of the [[Yuri Gagarin|first humans in space]]. By the end of 1990, the [[Soviet Union]] had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.<ref name="GDPinfobox1990">{{cite book |title = GDP – Million 1990 | location = | publisher = [[CIA Factbook]] |year = 1991 | page = | url = http://www.theodora.com/wfb/1990/rankings/gdp_million_1.html |accessdate = November 30, 2015}}</ref><ref>Scott and Scott (1979) p. 305</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ctbto.org/specials/testing-times/30-october-1961-the-tsar-bomba|title=October 30, 1961 – The Tsar Bomba: CTBTO Preparatory Commission|publisher=}}</ref> Following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Moldova]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]] and the Baltic states regained independence: [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]]; the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and sole [[Succession of states|successor state]] of the [[Government of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union]].<ref name="uk" /> It is governed as a [[federation|federal]] [[semi-presidential]] republic.
 
   
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Xander's lifelong best friend was [[Willow Rosenberg]], who secretly harbored a hopeless crush on him. The pair briefly "dated" when they were five, but broke up over a stolen Barbie.<ref name="WelcomeToTheHellmouth">"[[Welcome to the Hellmouth]]"</ref> In kindergarten, Xander suffered an unknown humiliation involving Aquaman underpants.<ref name="KillerInMe">"[[The Killer in Me]]"</ref> Xander and Willow developed a mutual hatred of their snobby classmate [[Cordelia Chase]], which led them to form the "[[We Hate Cordelia Club]]", of which Xander was the treasurer.<ref name="Innocence">"[[Innocence]]"</ref>
The [[Russian economy]] ranks as the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|twelfth largest]] by [[nominal GDP]] and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|sixth largest]] by [[purchasing power parity]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=83&pr.y=16&sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=193%2C273%2C223%2C156%2C924%2C922%2C132%2C184%2C134%2C534%2C536%2C136%2C158%2C112%2C111%2C542&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]|accessdate=April 27, 2015}}</ref> Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.ru/en/?module=pages&action=view&id=1|title=Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO: Panorama of Russia|publisher=Unesco.ru|accessdate=October 29, 2010}}</ref> making it one of the leading [[oil producer|producers of oil]] and [[natural gas producer|natural gas]] globally.<ref name="IEA-Oil" /><ref name="cia-gas" /> The country is one of the five [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty|recognized]] [[nuclear weapons states]] and possesses the [[Russia and weapons of mass destruction|largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction]].<ref name="fas" /> Russia is a [[great power]] as well as a [[regional power]] and has been characterised as a [[potential superpower]]. It is a [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent member]] of the [[United Nations Security Council]], as well as a member of the [[G-20 major economies|G20]], the [[Council of Europe]], the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC), the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] (SCO), the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE), and the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS), the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]] (CSTO) and one of the five members of the [[Eurasian Economic Union]] (EEU), along with [[Armenia]], [[Belarus]], [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]].
 
   
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At his sixth birthday party, Xander's parents hired a clown which chased him; this traumatic incident gave him a lifelong phobia of clowns and caused him to suffer from nightmares.<ref name="Nightmares">"[[Nightmares]]"</ref> When Xander did not get a toy fire truck for his seventh birthday, the house next door burned down and he believed that Willow had set the fire to let him see real fire trucks.<ref name="Replacement">"[[The Replacement]]"</ref> When he was seven, Xander had to take a test to see if he had a learning disability. Despite being a little slow on math and spatial relations, it was assured he wasn't "challenged".<ref name="Zeppo" /> When he was sixteen, he attended Willow's Bar Mitzvah, where his drunken parents caused a scene.<ref name="HellsBells" />
==Etymology==<!-- linked -->
 
{{Main article|Rus' people|Rus' (name)}}
 
{{see also|Russian (disambiguation)}}
 
The name ''Russia'' is derived from [[Kievan Rus'|Rus]], a medieval state populated mostly by the [[East Slavs]]. However, this proper name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants "Русская Земля" (russkaja zemlja), which can be translated as "Russian Land" or "Land of Rus'". In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as ''[[Kievan Rus']]'' by modern historiography. The [[Rus (name)|name ''Rus'']] itself comes from the early medieval [[Rus' people]], [[Swedes (Germanic tribe)|Swedish]] merchants and warriors<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Russia |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |accessdate=November 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/rus |title=Rus – definition of Rus by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia |publisher=Thefreedictionary.com |accessdate=November 2, 2011}}</ref> who relocated from across the Baltic Sea and founded a state centered on [[Novgorod]] that later became [[Kievan Rus]].
 
   
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===Sunnydale High===
An old Latin version of the name Rus' was [[Ruthenia]], mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus' that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия (Rossija), comes from the [[Byzantine Greek]] designation of the Kievan Rus', Ρωσσία ''Rossía''—spelled Ρωσία (''Rosía'' {{IPA-el|roˈsia|pron}}) in [[Modern Greek]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Russians: The People of Europe |last=Milner-Gulland |first=R. R. |year=1997 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=0-631-21849-1 |pages=1–4 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=BgJjHFwmj2UC&pg=PA1|accessdate=December 15, 2016}}</ref>
 
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====Crush on the Slayer====
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In his sophomore year of high school, Xander met Buffy Summers on her first day at [[Sunnydale High School]] and overheard her bizarre conversation with school librarian [[Rupert Giles]] regarding [[demon]]s and [[vampire]]s.<ref name="WelcomeToTheHellmouth" /> Xander and Willow discovered that Sunnydale was situated on a [[Hellmouth]] and that Buffy was actually the Slayer, granted supernatural powers and destined to fight the forces of evil.
   
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[[File:XanderWttH.jpg|thumb|left|Xander bumps into Buffy and finds the stake that spilled from her purse.]]
The standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is "[[citizens of Russia|Russians]]" in English<ref name="merriamwebster">{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Russian|title=Definition of Russian|publisher=Merriam-Webster|accessdate=September 21, 2016}}</ref> and ''rossiyane'' ({{lang-rus|россияне}}) in Russian. There are two [[Russian language|Russian]] words which are commonly translated into English as "Russians". One is "русские" (''russkiye''), which most often means "ethnic [[Russians]]". Another is "россияне" (''rossiyane''), which means "[[citizens of Russia]], regardless of ethnicity". Translations into other languages often do not distinguish these two groups.
 
   
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When his other best friend, [[Jesse McNally]], was kidnapped and turned into a vampire, Xander fought him and accidentally staked him when someone pushed Jesse into the stake Xander was holding. After stopping the [[Harvest]] together, Buffy, Xander, Willow, and Giles formed what Xander named as the Scooby Gang, a small group of allies who helped the Slayer fight the forces of darkness.<ref name="Harvest">"[[The Harvest]]"</ref>
==History==
 
{{Main article|History of Russia}}
 
   
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Xander acted mainly as a sideman alongside Buffy who always provided constant comic relief. One of the main aspects in his sophomore years was his longing attraction for Buffy which he quickly developed upon seeing her. This was put alongside when a beautiful substitute biology teacher named Miss French directed his interest into her. Ignoring Buffy and her suspicions about Miss French, Xander ended up finding out she was actually the [[She-Mantis]], a giant insect that disguised itself as a beautiful woman to seduce, mate with and eventually eat male virgins. Buffy saved Xander before he could be raped and decapitated, and his attraction was returned to her.<ref name="TeachersPet">"[[Teacher's Pet]]"</ref>
===Early history===
 
{{further information|Scythia|Early Slavs|East Slavs|Huns|Turkic expansion|Prehistory of Siberia}}
 
{{further information|Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Uralic}}
 
   
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[[File:Thepack.jpg|thumb|Xander becomes possessed by a hyena spirit at the local zoo.]]
[[Nomadic pastoralism]] developed in the [[Pontic-Caspian steppe]] beginning in the [[Chalcolithic]].<ref name="Belinskij">{{Cite journal|author=Belinskij A, Härke, H|title=The 'Princess' of Ipatovo|journal=Archeology|volume=52|issue=2|year=1999|url=http://cat.he.net/~archaeol/9903/newsbriefs/ipatovo.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610043326/http://cat.he.net/~archaeol/9903/newsbriefs/ipatovo.html|archivedate=June 10, 2008|accessdate=December 26, 2007}}</ref>
 
   
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His feelings took a dangerous turn when he and a gang of bullies were [[possession|possessed]] by the [[spirit]] of hyenas through a [[Primal]] ritual. This twisting his feelings to the point of obsession where he sexually assaulted Buffy as well as committing several other exploits such as bulling students, insulting Willow, and eating a live pig. Buffy and Giles eventually found a way to remove the hyena spirit from him and the other students. Embarrassed, he pretended that the experience was removed from his memory, with only Giles being aware of his memories.<ref name="Pack">"[[The Pack]]"</ref>
In [[classical antiquity]], the [[Pontic Steppe]] was known as [[Scythia]]. Beginning in the 8th century BC, [[Ancient Greek]] traders brought their civilization to the trade emporiums in [[Tanais]] and [[Phanagoria]]. Ancient Greek explorers, most notably [[Pytheas#discovery of the baltic|Pytheas]], even went as far as modern day [[Kaliningrad Oblast|Kaliningrad]], on the Baltic Sea. [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] settled on the western part of the [[Caspian Sea]], where their [[Roman Empire|empire]] stretched towards the east.{{dubious|date=May 2015}}<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jacobson, E.|title=The Art of the Scythians: The Interpenetration of Cultures at the Edge of the Hellenic World|publisher=Brill|year=1995|page=38|isbn=90-04-09856-9}}</ref> In the 3rd to 4th centuries AD a semi-legendary Gothic kingdom of [[Oium]] existed in Southern Russia until it was overrun by [[Huns]]. Between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD, the [[Bosporan Kingdom]], a Hellenistic polity which succeeded the Greek colonies,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Tsetskhladze, G. R.|title=The Greek Colonisation of the Black Sea Area: Historical Interpretation of Archaeology|publisher=F. Steiner|year=1998|page=48|isbn=3-515-07302-7}}</ref> was also overwhelmed by nomadic invasions led by warlike tribes, such as the Huns and [[Pannonian Avars|Eurasian Avars]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Turchin, P.|title=Historical Dynamics: Why States Rise and Fall|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2003|pages=185–186|isbn=0-691-11669-5}}</ref> A [[Turkic people]], the [[Khazars]], ruled the lower [[Volga]] basin steppes between the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] and [[Black Sea]]s until the 10th century.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Christian, D.|title=A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=1998|pages=286–288|isbn=0-631-20814-3}}</ref>
 
   
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Returning to his schoolboy crush, Xander showed great jealousy to any man Buffy took an interest such as her brief relationship with loner [[Owen Thurman]] and her attraction to the handsome stranger [[Angel]].<ref name="NeverKillABoyOnTheFirstDate">"[[Never Kill a Boy on the First Date]]"</ref> His hostility towards Angel grew stronger when he learned that Angel was a vampire, albeit one with a soul. He encouraged Buffy to kill him since she was the slayer and was willing to do so when it seemed that he hurt her [[Joyce Summers|mother]]. Finding out he was framed, Xander still didn't trust Angel and was shocked to discover Buffy still liked him.<ref name="Angel">"[[Angel (episode)|Angel]]"</ref>
The ancestors of modern [[Russians]] are the [[Slavic tribes]], whose original home is thought by some scholars to have been the wooded areas of the [[Pinsk Marshes]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=For a discussion of the origins of Slavs, see Barford, P. M.|title=The Early Slavs|publisher=Cornell University Press|pages=15–16|isbn=0-8014-3977-9|year=2001}}</ref> The East Slavs gradually settled Western Russia in two waves: one moving from [[Kiev]] toward present-day [[Suzdal]] and [[Murom]] and another from [[Polotsk]] toward [[Novgorod]] and [[Rostov]]. From the 7th century onwards, the East Slavs constituted the bulk of the population in Western Russia<ref>{{Cite book|author=Christian, D.|title=A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=1998|pages=6–7}}</ref> and assimilated the native [[Finno-Ugric peoples]], including the [[Merya]], the [[Muromians]], and the [[Meshchera]].
 
   
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[[File:S01E12-19.jpg|thumb|left|Xander saves Buffy after performing CPR.]]
===Kievan Rus'===
 
{{Main article|Rus' Khaganate|Kievan Rus'|List of early East Slavic states}}
 
[[File:Kievan Rus en.jpg|thumb|Kievan Rus' in the 11th century]]
 
The establishment of the first East Slavic states in the 9th century coincided with the arrival of [[Varangians]], the traders, warriors and settlers from the Baltic Sea region. Primarily they were [[Vikings]] of [[Scandinavia]]n origin, who ventured along the waterways extending from the eastern Baltic [[From the Varangians to the Greeks|to the Black]] [[Volga trade route|and Caspian]] Seas.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Obolensky, D.|title=Byzantium and the Slavs|publisher=St Vladimir's Seminary Press|year=1994|page=42|isbn=0-88141-008-X}}</ref> According to the [[Primary Chronicle]], a Varangian from [[Rus' people]], named [[Rurik]], was elected ruler of [[Novgorod]] in 862. In 882 his successor [[Oleg of Novgorod|Oleg]] ventured south and conquered [[Kiev]],<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Thompson, J.W. |author2=Johnson, E.N. |title=An Introduction to Medieval Europe, 300–1500|publisher=W. W. Norton & Co.|year=1937|page=268|isbn=0-415-34699-1}}</ref> which had been previously paying tribute to the [[Khazars]], founding Kievan Rus'. Oleg, Rurik's son [[Igor of Kiev|Igor]] and Igor's son [[Sviatoslav I of Kiev|Sviatoslav]] subsequently subdued all local [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] tribes to Kievan rule, destroyed the [[Khazar khaganate]] and launched several military expeditions to [[Paphlagonian expedition of the Rus'|Byzantium]] and [[Caspian expeditions of the Rus'|Persia]].
 
   
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Come Prom time, Xander finally admitted his feelings to Buffy, wanting to take her as his date. Buffy did not share the same feelings and rejected him, leaving him bitterly disappointed. He then asked Willow on the rebound, but, despite her crush on him, rejected his offer as she knew his true intentions. Saddened and depressed, Xander lied on his bed and listened to country music ("the music of pain"). However, he still made it his mission to save Buffy when he was told she went off to fight [[the Master]], despite destiny claiming she would die. Xander teamed up with Angel to look for her but was too late as the Master already drowned her. As Angel had no breath, Xander saved Buffy's life by performing CPR, allowing her to kill the Master.<ref name="ProphecyGirl">"[[Prophecy Girl]]"</ref>
In the 10th to 11th centuries Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ukraine: Security Assistance|publisher=U.S. Department of State|url=https://www.state.gov/t/pm/64851.htm|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref> The reigns of [[Vladimir the Great]] (980–1015) and his son [[Yaroslav the Wise]] (1019–1054) constitute the [[Golden Age]] of Kiev, which saw [[Christianization of Kievan Rus'|the acceptance of]] [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] from [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]] and the creation of the first East Slavic written [[legal code]], the ''[[Russkaya Pravda]]''.
 
   
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====Overcoming insecurity====
In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes, such as the [[Kipchaks]] and the [[Pechenegs]], caused a massive migration of Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north, particularly to the area known as [[Zalesye]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Klyuchevsky, V.|title=The course of the Russian history|volume=1|url=http://www.kulichki.com/inkwell/text/special/history/kluch/kluch16.htm|isbn=5-244-00072-1|year=1987|publisher=Myslʹ}}</ref>
 
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[[File:XANDER inca mummy girl.png|thumb|Xander finds trouble with a girl who isn't what she appears to be.]]
   
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In his junior year, Xander still continued to have an attraction for Buffy, but to a lesser extent, despite having threatened to kill her when her new distant and emotionally crude attitude after her death experience got Willow kidnapped by vampires.
[[File:Lebedev baptism.jpg|left|thumb|''The [[Baptism of Kievans]]'', by [[Klavdy Lebedev]]]]
 
The age of [[feudalism]] and decentralization was marked by constant in-fighting between members of the [[Rurik Dynasty]] that ruled Kievan Rus' collectively. Kiev's dominance waned, to the benefit of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]] in the north-east, [[Novgorod Republic]] in the north-west and [[Galicia-Volhynia]] in the south-west.
 
   
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During a foreign exchange student program, he fell for Buffy's assigned partner, Ampata Gutierrez; however, he soon discovered she was an awoken [[Inca Mummy]] in disguise as a Peruvian exchange student. As she needed to suck the essences of others to survive, effectively killing them, Xander refused to let her take Willow's life so they could be together and she then died. Being his second supernatural love interest, Xander noticed a pattern which would soon follow up.<ref name="IncaMummyGirl">"[[Inca Mummy Girl]]"</ref>
Ultimately Kievan Rus' disintegrated, with the final blow being the [[Mongol invasion of Rus'|Mongol invasion]] of 1237–40<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hamm, M.F.|title=Kiev: A Portrait, 1800–1917|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-02585-1|year=1995}}</ref> that resulted in the destruction of Kiev<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html |title=The Destruction of Kiev |publisher=Tspace.library.utoronto.ca |accessdate=January 19, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20110427075859/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html |archivedate=April 27, 2011}}</ref> and the death of about half the population of Rus'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parallelsixty.com/history-russia.shtml|title=History of Russia from Early Slavs history and Kievan Rus to Romanovs dynasty|publisher=Parallelsixty.com|accessdate=April 27, 2010}}</ref> The invading Mongol elite, together with their conquered Turkic subjects (Cumans, Kipchaks, Bulgars), became known as [[Tatars]], forming the state of the [[Golden Horde]], which pillaged the Russian principalities; the Mongols ruled the [[Cumania|Cuman-Kipchak confederation]] and [[Volga Bulgaria]] (modern-day southern and central expanses of Russia) for over two centuries.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Рыбаков, Б. А.|title=Ремесло Древней Руси|year=1948|pages=525–533, 780–781}}</ref>
 
   
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[[File:2x06 002.jpg|thumb|left|Xander becomes a commando during a Halloween curse.]]
Galicia-Volhynia was eventually assimilated by the [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Kingdom of Poland]], while the Mongol-dominated Vladimir-Suzdal and Novgorod Republic, two regions on the periphery of Kiev, established the basis for the modern Russian nation.<ref name="Curtis" /> The Novgorod together with [[Pskov]] retained some degree of autonomy during the time of the [[Mongol yoke]] and were largely spared the atrocities that affected the rest of the country. Led by Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]], Novgorodians repelled the invading Swedes in the [[Battle of the Neva]] in 1240, as well as the [[Northern Crusades|Germanic crusaders]] in the [[Battle of the Ice]] in 1242, breaking their attempts to colonize the Northern Rus'.
 
   
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On Halloween, Sunnydale fell victim of the [[Ritual of Janus]], which caused trick-or-treaters to take on the personalities and/or traits of their costumes, transforming Xander into an armed and experienced soldier. When the spell was lifted, he retained his memories and knowledge of the military, giving him better fighting skills and the know-how on using certain weapons or technology.<ref name="Halloween">"[[Halloween]]"</ref> This came at its handiest when Buffy needed to disassemble [[the Judge]], a powerful demon who was invincible and could kill with a touch. With his knowledge, Xander got into a military barracks by blackmailing a soldier who was dressed wrongly, allowing Xander to obtain a rocket launcher for Buffy.<ref name="Innocence" />
===Grand Duchy of Moscow===
 
{{Main article|Grand Duchy of Moscow}}
 
[[File:Lissner TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg|thumb|[[Sergius of Radonezh]] blessing [[Dmitry Donskoy]] in [[Trinity Sergius Lavra]], before the [[Battle of Kulikovo]], depicted in a painting by [[Ernst Lissner]]]]
 
   
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While hiding in Buffy's basement from the demonic assassin [[Norman Pfister]], the tension between Xander and Cordelia resulted in a kiss. They tried to deny their attractions but couldn't resist each other and the pair began a secret relationship, consisting largely of making-out in a closet.<ref name="WhatsMyLine2">"[[What's My Line, Part Two]]"</ref> When Willow discovered their affair, she was devastated and offended that Xander would rather be with Cordelia than her.<ref name="Innocence" /> Eventually, [[Cordettes|Cordelia's friends]] found out about the relationship as well, and Cordelia became alienated from the popular crowd, leading her to break up with Xander on Valentine's Day.
The most powerful state to eventually arise after the destruction of Kievan Rus' was the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] ("Muscovy" in the Western chronicles), initially a part of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]]. While still under the domain of the [[Mongol]]-[[Tatars]] and with their connivance, Moscow began to assert its influence in the Central Rus' in the early 14th century, gradually becoming the leading force in the process of the Rus' lands' reunification and expansion of Russia.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} Moscow's last rival, the [[Novgorod Republic]], prospered as the chief [[fur trade]] center and the easternmost port of the [[Hanseatic League]].
 
   
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[[File:XANDER bewitched, bothered & bewildered.png|thumb|After a spell goes array, every woman and girl in town obsesses and wants Xander.]]
Times remained difficult, with frequent [[Mongol-Tatar raids]]. [[Agriculture]] suffered from the beginning of the [[Little Ice Age]]. As in the rest of Europe, [[plague (disease)|plague]] was a frequent occurrence between 1350 and 1490.<ref name="Byrne p.62" /> However, because of the lower population density and better hygiene—widespread practicing of [[banya (sauna)|banya]], a wet steam bath—the death rate from plague was not as severe as in Western Europe,<ref name="banya">{{cite web|url=http://sauna-banya.ru/ist.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120530043947/http://sauna-banya.ru/ist.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2012-05-30 |title=The history of banya and sauna |language=ru}}</ref> and population numbers recovered by 1500.<ref name="Byrne p.62">"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=yw3HmjRvVQMC&pg=PA62 Black Death]''". Joseph Patrick Byrne (2004). p. 62. {{ISBN|0-313-32492-1}}</ref>
 
   
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Wanting revenge, Xander coerced the [[witch]], [[Amy Madison]] into casting a [[love spell]] on Cordelia so he could dump her so she could hurt her as she hurt him. The spell backfired, and Xander became irresistible to every female in Sunnydale ''except'' Cordelia.
Led by Prince [[Dmitry Donskoy]] of Moscow and helped by the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], the united army of Russian principalities inflicted a milestone defeat on the Mongol-Tatars in the [[Battle of Kulikovo]] in 1380. Moscow gradually absorbed the surrounding principalities, including formerly strong rivals such as [[Principality of Tver|Tver]] and [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorod]].
 
   
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He took no enjoyment and rejected all the advances from Amy, Willow, and even Buffy, instead, he tried to avoid the obsessed women who then aimed to kill him out of the desire to stop Xander falling in the hands of Cordelia, who accompanied him in his escape as she was targeted for rejecting him. As the spell was broken, Cordelia, realizing that Xander genuinely cared for her, reunited with him in defiance of her former friends and the two started an open relationship afterward.<ref name="BewitchedBotheredBewildered">"[[Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered]]"</ref>
[[Ivan&nbsp;III]] ("the Great") finally threw off the control of the [[Golden Horde]] and consolidated the whole of Central and Northern Rus' under Moscow's dominion. He was also the first to take the title "Grand Duke of all the Russias".<ref>{{cite web
 
|author=May, T.
 
|title=Khanate of the Golden Horde
 
|url=http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/states3.html
 
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607055652/http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/states3.html
 
|archivedate=June 7, 2008
 
|accessdate=December 27, 2007
 
}}</ref> After the [[fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, Moscow [[Third Rome|claimed succession to the legacy]] of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]]. Ivan&nbsp;III married [[Sophia Palaiologina]], the niece of the last [[Byzantine emperor]] [[Constantine&nbsp;XI]], and made the Byzantine [[double-headed eagle]] his own, and eventually Russia's, coat-of-arms.
 
   
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[[File:XANDER go fish.png|thumb|left|Xander joins the swim team to try and help figure out what is happening to the players.]]
===Tsardom of Russia===
 
{{Main article|Tsardom of Russia}}
 
[[File:Ivan grozny frame.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Tsar [[Ivan the Terrible]], illustration in Tsarsky Titulyarnik, 17th century]]
 
In development of the [[Third Rome]] ideas, the Grand Duke [[Ivan&nbsp;IV]] (the "Terrible")<ref>Frank D. McConnell. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rqhZAAAAMAAJ Storytelling and Mythmaking: Images from Film and Literature.] [[Oxford University Press]], 1979. {{ISBN|0-19-502572-5}}; p. 78: "But Ivan&nbsp;IV, Ivan the Terrible, or as the Russian has it, ''Ivan Groznyi'', "Ivan the Magnificent" or "Ivan the Awesome", is precisely a man who has become a legend"</ref> was officially crowned the first [[Tsar]] ("[[Caesar (title)|Caesar]]") of Russia in 1547. The [[Tsardom of Russia|Tsar]] [[Promulgation|promulgated]] a new code of laws ([[Sudebnik of 1550]]), established the first Russian feudal representative body ([[Zemsky Sobor]]) and introduced local self-management into the rural regions.<ref>{{cite book|author=Solovyov, S.|title=History of Russia from the Earliest Times|publisher=AST|year=2001|pages=562–604|volume=6|isbn=5-17-002142-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Skrynnikov, R.|title=Ivan the Terrible|publisher=Academic Intl Pr|year=1981|page=219|isbn=0-87569-039-4}}</ref>
 
   
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After the suspected deaths of [[Sunnydale High Swim Team]] by fish-like beasts, Xander infiltrated the team by joining them, which required him to wear small red Speedos to the pleasure of Cordelia and Willow. He soon discovered that the swim team members were actually becoming [[Gill Monster]]s as opposed to being killed by them. Exposed by the performance-enhancing cold war drugs that initiated the change via aromatherapy, Xander feared he would become one of those monsters until he received the necessary treatments to undo the process when he and Buffy stopped the swim team's insane Coach who perpetrated the transformations.<ref name="GoFish">"[[Go Fish]]"</ref>
During his long reign, Ivan the Terrible nearly doubled the already large Russian territory by annexing the three Tatar khanates (parts of the disintegrated [[Golden Horde]]): [[Khanate of Kazan|Kazan]] and [[Astrakhan Khanate|Astrakhan]] along the [[Volga River]], and the [[Siberian Khanate]] in southwestern Siberia. Thus, by the end of the 16th century Russia was transformed into a [[multiethnic]], [[Religious denomination|multidenominational]] and [[transcontinental state]].
 
   
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When Angel lost his soul and reverted to the evil Angelus, Xander felt that his long-standing mistrust of the vampire had been validated, especially when he murdered Giles' girlfriend and Sunnydale High teacher [[Jennifer Calendar]].<ref name="Passion">"[[Passion]]"</ref> A rage-filled Xander opposed Buffy's back-up plan for Willow to re-ensoul him if required, believing Buffy wanted to forget his actions to get her boyfriend back.
However, the Tsardom was weakened by the long and unsuccessful [[Livonian War]] against the coalition of Poland, Lithuania, and Sweden for access to the Baltic coast and sea trade.<ref>{{cite book|author=Solovyov, S.|title=History of Russia from the Earliest Times|publisher=AST|year=2001|volume=6|pages=751–908|isbn=5-17-002142-9}}</ref> At the same time, the Tatars of the [[Crimean Khanate]], the only remaining successor to the Golden Horde, continued to raid Southern Russia.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eizo Matsuki|url=http://www.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501041101/http://www.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf|archivedate=May 1, 2011|title=The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves.|publisher=Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University|format=PDF|date= |accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> In an effort to restore the Volga khanates, Crimeans and their [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] allies [[Russo-Crimean Wars|invaded central Russia]] and were even able to [[Fire of Moscow (1571)|burn down parts of Moscow]] in 1571.<ref>{{cite book|author=Solovyov, S.|title=History of Russia from the Earliest Times|publisher=AST|year=2001|volume=6|pages=751–809|isbn=5-17-002142-9}}</ref> But in the next year the large invading army was thoroughly defeated by Russians in the [[Battle of Molodi]], forever eliminating the threat of an Ottoman–Crimean expansion into Russia. The [[Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands|slave raids of Crimeans]], however, did not cease until the late 17th century though the construction of new fortification lines across Southern Russia, such as the [[Great Abatis Line]], constantly narrowed the area accessible to incursions.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Brian Glyn Williams]] |title=The Sultan's Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire |url=http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf |work=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |format=PDF |year=2013 |page=27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021092115/http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf |archivedate=October 21, 2013}}</ref>
 
   
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[[File:XANDER becoming part two.png|thumb|Xander pushes Buffy to slay Angel.]]
[[File:Воззвание Кузьмы Минина к нижегородцам в 1611 году.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Kuzma Minin]] appeals to the people of [[Nizhny Novgorod]] to raise a volunteer army against the [[Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18)|Polish invaders]]]]
 
The death of Ivan's sons marked the end of the ancient [[Rurik Dynasty]] in 1598, and in combination with the [[famine of 1601–03]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Borisenkov, E., Pasetski, V.|title=The Thousand-Year Annals of the Extreme Meteorological Phenomena |isbn=5-244-00212-0|page=190}}</ref> led to civil war, the rule of pretenders, and foreign intervention during the [[Time of Troubles]] in the early 17th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Solovyov, S.|title=History of Russia from the Earliest Times |publisher=AST|year=2001|volume=7|pages=461–568|isbn=5-17-002142-9}}</ref> The [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] occupied parts of Russia, including Moscow. In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by two national heroes, merchant [[Kuzma Minin]] and Prince [[Dmitry Pozharsky]]. The [[Romanov Dynasty]] acceded to the throne in 1613 by the decision of Zemsky Sobor, and the country started its gradual recovery from the crisis.
 
   
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The attempt of re-ensouling Angel failed when his minions attacked the Scoobies, causing a fight in which left Xander with a broken his arm, Willow unconscious at the hospital, Giles kidnapped, and [[Kendra Young]] dead. Xander took the opportunity when Buffy was willing to kill Angelus and encouraged her to do so, deliberately neglecting to tell her that Willow was planning to attempt the ritual him once again. Xander later rescued Giles during their ambush Angelus' mansion, before Buffy sent the newly ensouled Angel to hell.
Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of [[Cossacks]]. Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities, resembling [[pirates]] and [[pioneers of the New World]]. In 1648, the peasants of Ukraine joined the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]] in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania during the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] in reaction to the social and religious oppression they had been suffering under Polish rule. In 1654, the Ukrainian leader, [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]], offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian Tsar, [[Aleksey&nbsp;I]]. Aleksey's acceptance of this offer led to another [[Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)|Russo-Polish War]]. Finally, Ukraine was split along the [[Dnieper River]], leaving the western part, [[right-bank Ukraine]], under Polish rule and the eastern part ([[Left-bank Ukraine]] and [[Kiev]]) under Russian rule. Later, in 1670–71, the [[Don Cossacks]] led by [[Stenka Razin]] initiated a major uprising in the [[Volga Region]], but the Tsar's troops were successful in defeating the rebels.
 
   
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====Finding his identity====
In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of the huge territories of Siberia was led mostly by Cossacks hunting for valuable furs and ivory. [[Russian explorers]] pushed eastward primarily along the [[Siberian River Routes]], and by the mid-17th century there were Russian settlements in Eastern Siberia, on the [[Chukchi Peninsula]], along the [[Amur River]], and on the Pacific coast. In 1648, the [[Bering Strait]] between Asia and North America was passed for the first time by [[Fedot Popov]] and [[Semyon Dezhnyov]].
 
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In his senior year of high school, Xander joined Willow and her new boyfriend [[Daniel Osbourne|Oz]] in patrolling for vampires at night in place of Buffy who left Sunnydale to L.A. without a word after her encounter with Angel. When she returned, Xander argued his disapproval for her leaving during her welcome back party, acknowledging that she was selfish to run away, especially from her mother.
   
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[[File:XANDER dead man's party.png|thumb|left|Xander defends Joyce after Buffy almost leaves again.]]
===Imperial Russia===
 
{{Main article|Russian Empire}}
 
[[File:Peter der-Grosse 1838.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Peter the Great]], [[Tsar of All Russia]] in 1682–1721 and the first [[Emperor of Russia]] in 1721–1725]]
 
Under [[Peter the Great]], Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1721 and became recognized as a world power. Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the [[Great Northern War]], forcing it to cede West [[Karelia]] and [[Ingria]] (two regions lost by Russia in the [[Time of Troubles]]),<ref>{{Cite book|author=Solovyov, S.|title=History of Russia from the Earliest Times|publisher=AST|year=2001|volume=9, ch.1|url=http://militera.lib.ru/common/solovyev1/09_01.html|isbn=5-17-002142-9|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref> as well as [[Governorate of Estonia|Estland]] and [[Livland]], securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Solovyov, S.|title=History of Russia from the Earliest Times|publisher=AST|year=2001|volume=15, ch.1|url=http://militera.lib.ru/common/solovyev1/15_01.html}}</ref> On the [[Baltic Sea]] Peter founded a new capital called [[Saint Petersburg]], later known as Russia's "Window to Europe". [[Peter the Great's reforms]] brought considerable Western European cultural influences to Russia.
 
   
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Adding to further disappointment from Buffy, Xander was the first of the Scoobies to discover Angel's return from Hell, and that Buffy has been secretly rehabilitating him and still had feelings for him when he found them passionately kissing. Furious and disgusted that Buffy still loved Angel after Angelus' siege against Sunnydale only a year before, Xander immediately informed the other Scoobies of Angel's return and even went so far as to manipulate [[Faith Lehane]] into attempting to slay him. However, when Angel saved Willow from being killed by the corrupt ex-Watcher [[Gwendolyn Post]], Xander begrudgingly accepted him back into the fold.<ref name="Revelations">"[[Revelations]]"</ref>
The reign of Peter&nbsp;I's daughter [[Elizabeth of Russia|Elizabeth]] in 1741–62 saw Russia's participation in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–63). During this conflict Russia annexed [[East Prussia]] for a while and even took Berlin. However, upon Elisabeth's death, all these conquests were returned to the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] by pro-Prussian [[Peter&nbsp;III of Russia]].
 
   
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Suddenly, Xander began to have a romantic interest in Willow and she to him, leading to several secret kisses between them which were problematic because of their current respective partners. While Willow tried to find a way to end their urges through magic, they were kidnapped by [[Spike]], a vampire that rampaged in Sunnydale for a period with his lover [[Drusilla]] who took Willow so she would use her skills in magic to create a love spell on Drusilla after she dumped him.
[[Catherine the Great|Catherine&nbsp;II]] ("the Great"), who ruled in 1762–96, presided over the Age of [[Russian Enlightenment]]. She extended Russian political control over the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and incorporated most of its territories into Russia during the [[Partitions of Poland]], pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe. In the south, after successful [[Russo-Turkish Wars]] against [[Ottoman Turkey]], Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, defeating the [[Crimean Khanate]]. As a result of victories over [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar Iran]] through the [[Russo-Persian Wars]], by the first half of the 19th century Russia also made significant territorial gains in [[Transcaucasia]] and the [[North Caucasus]], forcing the former to irrevocably cede what is nowadays [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Dagestan]], [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Armenia]] to Russia.<ref>Timothy C. Dowling [https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728 ''Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond''] pp 728–730 ABC-CLIO, December 2, 2014 {{ISBN|1598849484}}</ref><ref>John F. Baddeley, "The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus", Longman, Green and Co., London: 1908. {{ISBN|978-0700706341}} p. 90</ref> This continued with [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander&nbsp;I's]] (1801–25) wresting of Finland from the weakened kingdom of Sweden in 1809 and of [[Bessarabia]] from the Ottomans in 1812. At the same time, Russians [[Russian America|colonized Alaska]] and even founded settlements in California, such as [[Fort Ross]].
 
[[File:Fair. Kustodiev.jpg|thumb|left|''Village Fair'', by [[Boris Kustodiev]]]]
 
   
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[[File:XANDER lover's walk.png|thumb|In their senior year, Xander and Willow become more than friends.]]
In 1803–1806, the [[first Russian circumnavigation]] was made, later followed by other notable Russian sea exploration voyages. In 1820, [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen#First Russian Antarctic expedition|a Russian expedition]] discovered the continent of [[Antarctica]].
 
   
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Injured, Xander and Willow shared their final kiss that contributed to Cordelia suffering a near-fatal injury after she and Oz discovered the two in the act.<ref name="LoversWalk">"[[Lovers Walk]]"</ref> He appeared to her at the hospital with flowers and she immediately told him to stay away from her, thus ending their relationship. Returning to school, Cordelia's anger along with being mocked by her friends when she reunited with them, led to the arrival of the misandrist vengeance demon [[Anya Jenkins|Anyanka]] in Sunnydale, though she was quickly depowered into a [[human]].<ref name="Wish">"[[The Wish]]"</ref>
In alliances with various European countries, Russia fought against [[Napoleon]]'s France. The [[French invasion of Russia]] at the height of Napoleon's power in 1812 reached Moscow, but eventually failed miserably as the obstinate resistance in combination with the bitterly cold [[Russian winter]] led to a disastrous defeat of invaders, in which more than 95% of the pan-European [[Grande Armée]] perished.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ruling the Empire|publisher=Library of Congress|url=http://countrystudies.us/russia/5.htm|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref> Led by [[Mikhail Kutuzov]] and [[Barclay de Tolly]], the Russian army ousted Napoleon from the country and drove through Europe in the [[war of the Sixth Coalition]], finally entering Paris. Alexander&nbsp;I headed Russia's delegation at the [[Congress of Vienna]] that defined the map of post-Napoleonic Europe.
 
   
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Following their break-up, Cordelia stepped up her usual ridicule of Xander, labeling him "the Zeppo" and mocking him for being useless compared to his friends, who were Slayers, witches, werewolves, and vampires.
The officers of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] brought ideas of liberalism back to Russia with them and attempted to curtail the tsar's powers during the abortive [[Decembrist revolt]] of 1825. At the end of the conservative reign of [[Nicolas&nbsp;I]] (1825–55), a zenith period of Russia's power and influence in Europe was disrupted by defeat in the [[Crimean War]]. Between 1847 and 1851, about one million people died of Asiatic [[cholera]].<ref>Geoffrey A. Hosking (2001). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oh-5AAmboMUC&pg=PA9 Russia and the Russians: a history]''". Harvard University Press. p. 9. {{ISBN|0-674-00473-6}}</ref>
 
   
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[[File:XANDER the zeppo.png|thumb|left|Unknown to the others, Xander alone stops a group of zombie delinquents.]]
Nicholas's successor [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander&nbsp;II]] (1855–81) enacted significant changes in the country, including the [[emancipation reform of 1861]]. These ''Great Reforms'' spurred industrialization and modernized the Russian army, which had successfully liberated Bulgaria from Ottoman rule in the [[1877–78 Russo-Turkish War]].
 
[[File:Russian Imperial Family 1913.jpg|thumb|right|Emperor [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his family [[Execution of the Romanov family|were murdered]] by the Bolsheviks in 1918]]
 
   
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In an attempt to prove her wrong, Xander acquired a hotted-up car which led him to embark on an adventure with a group of [[zombie]]s, led by tough-guy [[Jack O'Toole]] who used Xander as transportation. However, when O'Toole and his friends tried to blow up Sunnydale High, Xander single-handedly put an end to their plan by convincing Jack to deactivate the explosives. While this happened, the other Scoobies fought to prevent the apocalypse from happening, dismissing Xander's involvement for his safety and remaining unaware of Xander's heroism the next day.<ref name="Zeppo">"[[The Zeppo]]"</ref> Also, during that insane day, Xander also lost his virginity to Faith after he aided her during a fight. After this, he believed he and Faith shared a connection, not knowing the full extent of her promiscuous behavior and that he was just another man used and thrown by her. As Faith wouldn't own up after murdering a human, Xander approached but ended up nearly being raped before Angel saved him.
The late 19th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia. Alexander&nbsp;II was killed in 1881 by revolutionary terrorists, and the reign of his son
 
[[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander&nbsp;III]] (1881–94) was less liberal but more peaceful. The last Russian Emperor, [[Nicholas&nbsp;II]] (1894–1917), was unable to prevent the events of the Russian [[Revolution of 1905]], triggered by the unsuccessful [[Russo-Japanese War]] and the demonstration incident known as [[Bloody Sunday (1905)|Bloody Sunday]]. The uprising was put down, but the government was forced to concede major reforms ([[Russian Constitution of 1906]]), including granting the [[freedom of speech|freedoms of speech]] and [[freedom of assembly|assembly]], the legalization of political parties, and the creation of an elected legislative body, the [[State Duma of the Russian Empire]]. The [[Stolypin reform|Stolypin agrarian reform]] led to a massive peasant migration and settlement into [[Siberia]]. More than four million settlers arrived in that region between 1906 and 1914.<ref>N. M. Dronin, E.&nbsp;G. Bellinger (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9a5j_JL6cqIC&pg=PA38 Climate dependence and food problems in Russia, 1900–1990: The interaction of climate and agricultural policy and their effect on food problems]''. Central European University Press. p. 38. {{ISBN|963-7326-10-3}}</ref>
 
   
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[[File:XANDER the graduation day part two.png|thumb|Xander witnesses his school explode during graduation.]]
===February Revolution and Russian Republic===
 
{{Main article|February Revolution|Russian Provisional Government|Russian Republic}}
 
{{see also|Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917|Russian Democratic Federative Republic}}
 
In 1914, Russia entered [[World War&nbsp;I]] in response to Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Russia's ally Serbia, and fought across multiple fronts while isolated from its [[Triple Entente]] allies. In 1916, the [[Brusilov Offensive]] of the Russian Army almost completely destroyed the military of [[Austria-Hungary]]. However, the already-existing public distrust of the regime was deepened by the rising costs of war, [[World War I casualties|high casualties]], and rumors of corruption and treason. All this formed the climate for the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917, carried out in two major acts.
 
   
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During the upcoming Senior Prom, Xander was asked by what was Anyanka, now Anya to go with her as neither of them had dates so he accepted. During this time, he discovered that Cordelia's family lost their wealth, home, and cars because of her father's tax evasion, and made peace with Cordelia by helping her pay for her prom dress. At his high school graduation, Xander led Sunnydale High's students against [[Richard Wilkins|Mayor Wilkins]] and his vampires, acting as a commander alongside Buffy. After the school blew up and killed the Mayor, Xander expressed his happiness that high school was literally destroyed and that it was the best part of it, which was agreed upon the rest of his friends.<ref name="GraduationDay2">"[[Graduation Day, Part Two]]"</ref>
The [[February Revolution]] forced [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] to abdicate; he and his family were imprisoned and [[Shooting of the Romanov family|later executed in Yekaterinburg]] during the [[Russian Civil War]]. The monarchy was replaced by a shaky coalition of political parties that declared itself the [[Russian Provisional Government|Provisional Government]]. On September 1 (14), 1917, upon a decree of the Provisional Government, the Russian Republic was proclaimed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prlib.ru/history/619540|title=Провозглашена Российская республика|date=February 7, 2017|website=Президентская библиотека имени Б.Н. Ельцина}}</ref> On January 6 (19), 1918, the [[Russian Constituent Assembly]] declared Russia a democratic federal republic (thus ratifying the Provisional Government's decision). The next day the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the [[All-Russian Central Executive Committee]].
 
[[File:Thecristisrizenoldrussiancivilwarposter.jpg|thumb|180px|[[White movement|White army]] [[Russian Civil War|Civil War]]-era propaganda poster]]
 
   
===Soviet Russia and civil war===
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===Struggle with growing up===
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{{Quote|This is so like them lately. It's all about them and the college life. You know what college is? It's high school without the actual going to class. Well, high school was sort of like that too but the point is, I'm the one working hard to earn a living and it's a huge joke to them. "Xander got fired from Starbucks." "Xander got fired from the phone sex place…"|Xander|The Yoko Factor}}
{{Main article|October Revolution|Russian Civil War|White movement}}
 
{{See also|Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian Constitution of 1918}}
 
An alternative socialist establishment existed alongside, the [[Petrograd Soviet]], wielding power through the democratically elected councils of workers and peasants, called ''[[Soviet (council)|Soviets]]''. The rule of the new authorities only aggravated the crisis in the country, instead of resolving it. Eventually, the [[October Revolution]], led by [[Bolshevik]] leader [[Vladimir Lenin]], overthrew the Provisional Government and gave full governing power to the Soviets, leading to the creation of the world's first [[socialist state]].
 
   
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[[File:Xander_the_freshmen.jpg|thumb|left|Xander tells Buffy how she inspires him.]]
Following the October Revolution, a [[Russian Civil War|civil war]] broke out between the [[anti-Communist]] [[White movement]] and the new [[Workers' council|Soviet]] regime with its [[Red Army]]. Bolshevist Russia lost its Ukrainian, Polish, Baltic, and Finnish territories by signing the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] that concluded hostilities with the [[Central Powers]] of World War&nbsp;I. The [[Allies of World War I|Allied powers]] launched an unsuccessful [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|military intervention]] in support of anti-Communist forces. In the meantime both the Bolsheviks and White movement carried out campaigns of deportations and executions against each other, known respectively as the [[Red Terror]] and [[White Terror (Russia)|White Terror]]. By the end of the civil war, Russia's economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged. Millions became [[White émigré]]s,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uUsLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA3 Transactions of the American Philosophical Society]. James E. Hassell (1991), p. 3. {{ISBN|0-87169-817-X}}</ref> and the [[Povolzhye famine]] of 1921 claimed up to 5&nbsp;million victims.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121219101057/http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/5rfhjy.htm Famine in Russia: the hidden horrors of 1921], International Committee of the Red Cross</ref>
 
   
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Xander's inferiority complex and feelings of isolation increased when he chose not to enroll in [[UC Sunnydale]] like Buffy, Willow, and Oz. After graduating from high school, he set upon a cross-country trip inspired by [[wikipedia:Jack Kerouac|Jack Kerouac]]'s ''[[wikipedia:On the Road|On the Road]]'' that ended when [[Xandermobile|his car]] broke down having only gone as far as Oxnard. Needing to pay for repairs, he was forced to take a job as a dishwasher at a "Ladies Night" club for a month and a half where no one ever spoke to him until one night when one of the male strippers called in sick, making him do the obvious, though he claimed: "no power on this earth would make me tell you the rest of that story". He then traded his car for one that wasn't "entirely made out of rust". In his entire trip outside of Sunnydale, the only aspect of knowledge gaining he accomplished was watching the film ''[[wikipedia:Grand Canyon (1991 film)|Grand Canyon]]'', which he found was lame.
===Soviet Union===
 
{{Main article|Soviet Union|History of the Soviet Union}}
 
{{See also|Treaty on the Creation of the USSR}}
 
[[File:Soviet Union - Russian SFSR (1922).svg|thumb|The Russian SFSR at the moment of [[Treaty on the Creation of the USSR|formation of the USSR]] in 1922]]
 
[[File:Soviet Union - Russian SFSR (1940).svg|thumb|The Russian SFSR as a part of the USSR in 1940, after [[National delimitation in the Soviet Union|1924–1936 intra-Soviet territorial changes]] and the separation of the [[Karelo-Finnish SSR]] in 1940]]
 
The [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] (called ''Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic'' at the time), together with the [[Ukrainian SSR|Ukrainian]], [[Byelorussian SSR|Byelorussian]], and [[Transcaucasian SSR|Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Republics]], [[Treaty on the Creation of the USSR|formed]] the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (USSR), or Soviet Union, on December 30, 1922. Out of the 15 [[republics of the USSR|republics that would make up the USSR]], the largest in size and over half of the total USSR population was the Russian SFSR, which came to dominate the union for its entire 69-year history.
 
   
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Returning to Sunnydale, he moved into his parents' basement where he had to pay rent. He arrived several days before his friend's first day at college without calling them, as he didn't want to help them move.
Following [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin's]] death in 1924, a [[List of leaders of the Soviet Union#List of troikas|troika]] was designated to govern the Soviet Union. However, [[Joseph Stalin]], an elected [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary of the Communist Party]], managed to suppress all opposition groups within the party and consolidate power in his hands. [[Leon Trotsky]], the main proponent of [[world revolution]], was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1929, and Stalin's idea of [[Socialism in One Country]] became the primary line. The continued internal struggle in the Bolshevik party culminated in the [[Great Purge]], a period of mass repressions in 1937–38, during which hundreds of thousands of people were executed, including [[Old Bolshevik|original party members]] and military leaders accused of [[coup d'état]] plots.<ref>Abbott Gleason (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JyN0hlKcfTcC&pg=PA373 A Companion to Russian History]''. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 373. {{ISBN|1-4051-3560-3}}</ref>
 
[[File:Belomorkanal.png|right|thumb|Millions of Gulag inmates were forced to work on massive government projects such as the construction of the [[White Sea–Baltic Canal]] in 1931–1933]]
 
Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a [[planned economy]], industrialisation of the largely rural country, and [[Collectivization in the USSR|collectivization]] of its agriculture. During this period of rapid economic and social change, millions of people were sent to [[Gulag|penal labor camps]],<ref name="Getty">Getty, Rittersporn, Zemskov. "Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence". ''The American Historical Review'', Vol. 98, No. 4 (October 1993), pp. 1017–49.</ref> including many political convicts for their opposition to Stalin's rule; millions were [[population transfer in the Soviet Union|deported and exiled]] to remote areas of the Soviet Union.<ref name="Getty" /> The transitional disorganisation of the country's agriculture, combined with the harsh state policies and a drought, led to the [[Soviet famine of 1932–1933]].<ref>[[R.&nbsp;W. Davies]], [[S.&nbsp;G. Wheatcroft]] (2004). ''The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931–33'', p. 401.</ref> The Soviet Union, though with a heavy price, was transformed from a largely agrarian economy to a major industrial powerhouse in a short span of time.
 
   
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[[File:Xander_and_anya_pangs.jpg|thumb|While sick and riddled with various diseases, Xander accepts Anya as his girlfriend.]]
Under the doctrine of [[state atheism]] in the Soviet Union, there was a "government-sponsored program of forced conversion to [[Marxist-Leninist atheism|atheism]]" conducted by Communists.<ref>Religion and the State in Russia and China: Suppression, Survival, and Revival, by Christopher Marsh, page 47. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2011.</ref><ref>Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History, by Dilip Hiro. Penguin, 2009.</ref><ref name="Adappur2000">{{cite book |last=Adappur |first=Abraham |title=Religion and the Cultural Crisis in India and the West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=44DYAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=July 14, 2016 |year=2000|publisher=Intercultural Publications|language=English |isbn=9788185574479|quote=Forced Conversion under Atheistic Regimes: It might be added that the most modern example of forced "conversions" came not from any theocratic state, but from a professedly atheist government — that of the Soviet Union under the Communists.}}</ref> The [[communism|communist]] regime targeted religions based on State interests, and while most organized religions were never outlawed, religious property was confiscated, believers were harassed, and religion was ridiculed while atheism was propagated in schools.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}}<!-- Empty reference <ref name="USGOV1"/>--> In 1925 the government founded the [[League of Militant Atheists]] to intensify the persecution.<ref>Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011; p.494"</ref> Accordingly, although personal expressions of religious faith were not explicitly banned, a strong sense of social stigma was imposed on them by the official structures and mass media and it was generally considered unacceptable for members of certain professions (teachers, state bureaucrats, soldiers) to be openly religious. As for the Russian Orthodox Church, Soviet authorities sought to control it and, in times of national crisis, to exploit it for the regime's own purposes; but their ultimate goal was to eliminate it. During the first five years of Soviet power, the Bolsheviks executed 28 Russian Orthodox bishops and over 1,200 Russian Orthodox priests. Many others were imprisoned or exiled. Believers were harassed and persecuted. Most seminaries were closed, and the publication of most religious material was prohibited. By 1941 only 500 churches remained open out of about 54,000 in existence prior to World War I.
 
   
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Reuniting with Buffy, he continued to help the gang in fighting demons as well as hanging out with hem on campus. During this time, Xander took a series of odd jobs such as a food vendor, a phone-sex operator, and a deliveryman. His most notable jobs included being a bartender at the college bar after using a fake ID. There he served a brand of beer called [[Black Frost]] that, not to his initial knowledge, was cursed by the bar owner to turn the patrons, including Buffy, into savage cavemen, likely leading to the end of that job where he initially expressed the excitement of offering to light lonely patron's cigarettes. He also worked at a construction site, building a new Cultural Center that led him to be briefly contracted with mystical syphilis, malaria, and smallpox after he was attacked by the [[Hus]], a vengeful Chumash spirit.
The [[Appeasement]] policy of Great [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[France]] towards [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[Anschluss|annexation of Austria]] and [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]] did not stem an increase in the power of [[Nazi Germany]]. Around the same time, the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]] allied with the [[Empire of Japan]], a rival of the USSR in the Far East and an open enemy of the USSR in the [[Soviet–Japanese Border Wars]] in 1938–39.
 
[[File:RIAN archive 2153 After bombing.jpg|thumb|The [[siege of Leningrad]] during [[World War II]] was the deadliest siege of a city in history]]
 
In August 1939, the Soviet government decided to improve relations with Germany by concluding the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]], pledging [[Non-aggression pact|non-aggression]] between the two countries and dividing Eastern Europe into their respective spheres of influence. While Hitler conquered Poland and France and other countries acted on a single front at the start of [[World War&nbsp;II]], the USSR was able to build up its military and occupy the Western Ukraine, [[Hertza region]] and Northern [[Bukovina]] as a result of the [[Soviet invasion of Poland]], [[Winter War]], [[Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)|occupation of the Baltic states]] and [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina]].
 
   
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Shortly after his arrival to Sunnydale, Xander was approached by Anya who still had feelings for him and after a very little persuasion, he had sex with Anya and then began dating. Initially, his interest in Anya was purely sexual, but as time went on, he developed genuine feelings for her, eventually falling in love. Unfortunately, Xander's problems multiplied when he was forced to accept Spike as a roommate for a short time while the Scoobies were hiding from the [[Initiative]].
On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany broke the non-aggression treaty and invaded the Soviet Union with the largest and most powerful invasion force in human history,<ref>{{cite web| title = World War&nbsp;II| publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica | accessdate =March 9, 2008 | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/648813/World-War-II}}</ref> opening the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|largest theater of World War&nbsp;II]]. Although the [[Wehrmacht|German army]] had considerable early success, their attack was halted in the [[Battle of Moscow]]. Subsequently, the Germans were dealt major defeats first at the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] in the winter of 1942–43,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/648813/World-War-II | publisher =Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=March 12, 2008|title=The Allies' first decisive successes: Stalingrad and the German retreat, summer 1942 – February 1943}}</ref> and then in the [[Battle of Kursk]] in the summer of 1943. Another German failure was the [[Siege of Leningrad]], in which the city was fully blockaded on land between 1941 and 1944 by German and Finnish forces, and suffered starvation and more than a million deaths, but never surrendered.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629173955/http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item1173696/?site_locale=en_GB The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995]. Cambridge University Press.</ref> Under Stalin's administration and the leadership of such commanders as [[Georgy Zhukov]] and [[Konstantin Rokossovsky]], Soviet forces took Eastern Europe in 1944–45 and [[Battle of Berlin|captured Berlin]] in May 1945. In August 1945 the [[Soviet Army]] [[Soviet-Japanese War (1945)|ousted the Japanese]] from China's [[Manchukuo]] and North Korea, contributing to the allied victory over Japan.
 
[[File:Sputnik asm.jpg|right|thumb|[[Sputnik&nbsp;1]] was the world's first artificial satellite]]
 
   
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[[File:Xander_the_yoko_factor.jpg|thumb|left|Spike tells and makes Xander believe he's useless.]]
The 1941–45 period of World War&nbsp;II is known in Russia as the "[[Great Patriotic War (term)|Great Patriotic War]]". The Soviet Union together with the United States, the United Kingdom and China were considered as the [[Big Four in World War II|Big Four]] of Allied powers in World War II <ref>{{cite book|last=Brinkley|first=Douglas|authorlink=Douglas Brinkley|title=The New York Times Living History: World War II, 1942–1945: The Allied Counteroffensive|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HymSg_Pp7X0C&pg=PA223|publisher=Macmillan, 2004}}</ref> and later became the [[Four Policemen]] which was the foundation of the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Urquhart|first=Brian|authorlink=Brian Urquhart|title=Looking for the Sheriff|publisher=New York Review of Books, July 16, 1998}}</ref> During this war, which included many of the [[List of battles by casualties|most lethal battle operations]] in human history, Soviet military and civilian deaths were 10.6&nbsp;million and 15.9&nbsp;million respectively,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Erlikman, V.|title=Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik|year=2004|id=Note: Estimates for Soviet World War&nbsp;II casualties vary between sources|isbn=5-93165-107-1|publisher=Russkai︠a︡ panorama|location=Moskva}}</ref> accounting for about a third of all [[World War&nbsp;II casualties]]. The full demographic loss to the Soviet peoples was even greater.<ref>Geoffrey A. Hosking (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMVMqDvp4QC&pg=PA242 Rulers and victims: the Russians in the Soviet Union]''. Harvard University Press. p. 242. {{ISBN|0-674-02178-9}}</ref> The [[Soviet economy]] and infrastructure suffered massive devastation which caused the [[Soviet famine of 1946–47]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Reconstruction and Cold War|publisher=Library of Congress|url=http://countrystudies.us/russia/12.htm|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref> but the Soviet Union emerged as an acknowledged military superpower on the continent.
 
[[File:Soviet Union - Russia.svg|thumb|The RSFSR in 1956–1991, mostly after territorial acquisitions according to WWII treaties, the accession of [[Tuvan People's Republic|Tuva]] in 1944, the [[1954 transfer of Crimea|transfer of the Crimean Oblast in 1954]] and the incorporation of the [[Karelo-Finnish SSR]] in 1956. In 1991, the borders of the Russian SFSR became the Russian Federation's international borders with sovereign states]]
 
   
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Throughout the year, Xander relentlessly had to deal with the fact that his friends were going places in their lives while he struggled to see himself as a grown-up. These feelings were used against him when Spike, recruited the gang's newest big bad [[Adam]], used the power of words to separate Buffy, Willow, Giles, and Xander. Spike made Xander feel he was useless in the gang and that his friends talked about sending him to the army, so Xander fled to the basement where he laid down in his bed in the nude. It wasn't until Anya came and made him feel important. He then rejoined his friends in their plan to defeat Adam. Walking through the Initiative compound, Xander helped Buffy clear through the various rioting demons with the help of an Initiative [[taser blaster]]. He then joined them in performing the [[Enjoining spell]], binding their essences with Xander providing the "heart" in the team so they could defeat Adam.
After the war, Eastern and Central Europe including [[East Germany]] and part of [[Austria]] was occupied by [[Red Army]] according to the [[Potsdam Conference]]. Dependent socialist governments were installed in the [[Eastern Bloc]] satellite states. Becoming the world's second [[Russia and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear weapons power]], the USSR established the [[Warsaw Pact]] alliance and entered into a struggle for global dominance, known as the [[Cold War]], with the United States and [[NATO]]. The Soviet Union supported revolutionary movements across the world, including the newly formed People's Republic of China, the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea]] and, later on, the [[Republic of Cuba]]. Significant amounts of Soviet resources were [[International relations within the Comecon|allocated in aid]] to the other socialist states.<ref>[http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+su0391%29 Foreign trade] from ''A Country Study: Soviet Union (Former)''. [[Library of Congress Country Studies]] project.</ref>
 
   
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[[File:Xander_anya_pangs.jpg|thumb|Xander helps to fight through the Initiative underground.]]
After Stalin's death and a short period of [[Collective leadership|collective rule]], the new leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] denounced the [[cult of personality]] of Stalin and launched the policy of [[de-Stalinization]]. The penal labor system was reformed and many prisoners were released and rehabilitated (many of them posthumously).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,916205-2,00.html|work=TIME|accessdate=August 1, 2008|title=Great Escapes from the Gulag|date=June 5, 1978}}</ref> The general easement of repressive policies became known later as the [[Khrushchev Thaw]]. At the same time, tensions with the United States heightened when the two rivals clashed over the deployment of the United States [[PGM-19 Jupiter|Jupiter missiles]] in Turkey and Soviet [[Cuban Missile Crisis|missiles in Cuba]].
 
   
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Later, when the four had a movie night at Buffy's house, Xander brought [[wikipedia:Apocalypse Now|''Apocalypse Now'']] but they all fell asleep before it even began. Meanwhile, [[Sineya]], the First Slayer, attacked them in their dreams, angry that Buffy worked with others to fight evil. In Xander's dream, he abstractly dealt with aspects with his life such as his inner primal desires, insecurity around others, loyalty to Buffy, relationship with Anya, crummy upbringing, and his journey in life.
In 1957, the [[Soviet Union]] launched the world's first artificial [[satellite]], ''[[Sputnik&nbsp;1]]'', thus starting the [[Space Age]]. Russia's [[cosmonaut]] [[Yuri Gagarin]] became the first human to orbit the Earth, aboard the ''[[Vostok&nbsp;1]]'' manned spacecraft on [[Cosmonautics Day|April 12, 1961]].
 
   
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===Maturation===
Following the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964, another period of [[Collectivity of leadership|collective rule]] ensued, until [[Leonid Brezhnev]] became the leader. The era of the 1970s and the early 1980s was designated later as the [[Era of Stagnation]], a period when economic growth slowed and social policies became static. The 1965 [[Kosygin reform]] aimed for partial [[decentralization]] of the [[Soviet economy]] and shifted the emphasis from [[heavy industry]] and weapons to [[light industry]] and [[consumer goods]] but was stifled by the conservative Communist leadership.
 
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{{Quote|You know what? I'm sick of this crap. I'm sick of being the guy who eats insects and gets the funny syphilis. As of this moment, it's over. I'm finished being everybody's butt-monkey!|Xander decides to take control of his directionless life.|Buffy vs. Dracula}}
[[File:Gorbachev and Reagan 1988-5.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Soviet General Secretary [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]] in Red Square during the [[Moscow Summit (1988)|Moscow Summit]], May 31, 1988]]
 
In 1979, after a Communist-led revolution in Afghanistan, [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan|Soviet forces entered]] that country. The occupation drained economic resources and dragged on without achieving meaningful political results. Ultimately, the Soviet Army was withdrawn from Afghanistan in 1989 due to international opposition, persistent anti-Soviet guerilla warfare, and a lack of support by Soviet citizens.
 
   
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When the famous vampire, [[Dracula]], came to Sunnydale in search of the Slayer, he [[Hypnosis|hypnotized]] Xander into briefly becoming his willing manservant. Xander became a bubbling, spider-eating [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfield Renfield] that escorted an entranced Buffy to Dracula as he was promised he would become a vampire.
[[File:Boris Yeltsin 19 August 1991-1.jpg|thumb|Russian President [[Boris Yeltsin]] stands on a tank during the [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|August Coup of 1991]], two months after the [[Russian presidential election, 1991|first presidential elections]]. The [[Flag of Russia|white-blue-red pre-revolutionary flag]] (in the bottom right corner) became the symbol of the antitotalitarian resistance and democratic transformation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/the-forgotten-coup-55030|title=Russia's Brightest Moment: The 1991 Coup That Failed|publisher=}}</ref>]]
 
From 1985 onwards, the last Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], who sought to enact liberal reforms in the Soviet system, introduced the policies of ''[[glasnost]]'' (openness) and ''[[perestroika]]'' (restructuring) in an attempt to end the [[Era of Stagnation|period of economic stagnation]] and to democratise the government. This, however, led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements. Prior to 1991, the Soviet economy was the second largest in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact90/world12.txt|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=March 9, 2008|title=1990 CIA World Factbook}}</ref> but during its last years it was afflicted by shortages of goods in grocery stores, huge budget deficits, and explosive growth in the money supply leading to inflation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.photius.com/countries/russia/economy/russia_economy_unforeseen_results_o~1315.html|title=Russia Unforeseen Results of Reform|publisher=The Library of Congress Country Studies; CIA World Factbook|accessdate=March 10, 2008}}</ref>
 
   
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[[File:Xander_vs_dracula.jpg|thumb|left|After Xander basically becomes Dracula's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfield Renfield], he declares the end of his reputation as a "butt monkey" once and for all.]]
By 1991, economic and political turmoil began to boil over, as the Baltic republics chose to secede from the Soviet Union. On March 17, a [[Soviet Union referendum, 1991|referendum]] was held, in which the vast majority of participating citizens voted in favour of changing the Soviet Union into a [[Union of Sovereign States|renewed federation]]. In August 1991, [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|a coup d'état attempt]] by members of Gorbachev's government, directed against Gorbachev and aimed at preserving the Soviet Union, instead led to the end of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. On December 25, 1991, the USSR [[dissolution of the Soviet Union|was dissolved]] into 15 [[post-Soviet states]].
 
   
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He tried to prevent the intervention of Buffy's current boyfriend [[Riley Finn]] but was easily taken out. As he regained consciousness, Buffy already bested Dracula and Xander, free from his thrall, expressed his anger, not only at Dracula but generally how he is the "butt monkey", and declared he will be no more.<ref name="BuffyVsDracula">"[[Buffy vs. Dracula]]"</ref> Despite what Dracula did to Xander, the pair apparently remained in touch through letters following Dracula's departure.<ref name="WolvesAtTheGate2">"[[Wolves at the Gate, Part Two]]"</ref>
===Russian Federation===
 
{{Main article|History of Russia (1992–present)|Russia and the United Nations|1993 Constitution of Russia}}
 
{{see also|Commonwealth of Independent States|War of Laws|1993 Russian constitutional crisis}}
 
[[File:Moscow-city-MIBC.jpg|thumb|[[Moscow International Business Center]]]]
 
In June 1991, [[Boris Yeltsin]] became the first directly elected President in Russian history when he was elected President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, which became the independent Russian Federation in December of that year. During and after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, wide-ranging reforms including [[Privatization in Russia|privatization]] and [[free trade|market and trade liberalization]] were undertaken,<ref name="OECD" /> including radical changes along the lines of "[[shock therapy (economics)|shock therapy]]" as recommended by the United States and the [[International Monetary Fund]].<ref name="Sciolino, E">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/21/world/us-is-abandoning-shock-therapy-for-therussians.html|title= U.S. is abandoning 'shock therapy' for the Russians|author=Sciolino, E.|work=New York Times|accessdate=January 20, 2008|date=December 21, 1993}}</ref> All this resulted in a major [[economic crisis]], characterized by a 50% decline in both GDP and industrial output between 1990 and 1995.<ref name="OECD" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Russia: Economic Conditions in Mid-1996|publisher=Library of Congress|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ru0119)|accessdate=March 4, 2011}}</ref>
 
   
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Xander later decided to move out of his parent's basement and try for an apartment, but he failed to impress the [[Unidentified building manager|building manager]] with his inability to pay for it and his physical appearance, disappointing Anya who wanted him to buy it. When the demon [[Toth]] came in search of the Slayer and attack her with the [[Ferula Gemini]], Xander took the blast for her and was then split into two separate beings; one displaying his strengths while carrying a [[Xander's disc|flattened nickel]] and one displaying his weaknesses.
The privatization largely shifted control of enterprises from state agencies to individuals with inside connections in the government. Many of the newly rich moved billions in cash and assets outside of the country in an enormous [[capital flight]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia: Clawing Its Way Back to Life (int'l edition) |work=BusinessWeek |url=http://www.businessweek.com/1999/99_48/b3657252.htm |accessdate=December 27, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071122013031/http://www.businessweek.com/1999/99_48/b3657252.htm |archivedate=November 22, 2007}}</ref> The depression of the economy led to the collapse of social services; the [[birth rate]] plummeted while the [[death rate]] skyrocketed.<ref name="TBTCTES106">{{cite book
 
|author= Walter C. Clemens
 
|title= The Baltic Transformed: Complexity Theory and European Security
 
|publisher= Rowman & Littlefield
 
|location=
 
|year= 2001
 
|page= 106
 
|isbn= 0-8476-9859-9
 
|oclc=
 
|doi=
 
}}</ref> Millions plunged into poverty, from a level of 1.5% in the late Soviet era to 39–49% by mid-1993.<ref name="worldbank">{{Cite book|author=Branko Milanovic|title=Income, Inequality, and Poverty During the Transformation from Planned to Market Economy|publisher=The World Bank|year=1998|pages=186–189}}</ref> The 1990s saw extreme corruption and lawlessness, the rise of criminal gangs and violent crime.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jason Bush|title=What's Behind Russia's Crime Wave?|journal=BusinessWeek|date=October 19, 2006|url=http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/oct2006/gb20061019_110749_page_2.htm|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220105050/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/oct2006/gb20061019_110749_page_2.htm |archivedate=December 20, 2008}}</ref>
 
   
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[[File:Xanderdouble.jpg|thumb|After Xander watches his replacement, he realizes he can also change and becomes a little more confident.]]
The 1990s were plagued by armed conflicts in the [[North Caucasus]], both local ethnic skirmishes and separatist [[Islamist]] insurrections. From the time [[Chechnya|Chechen]] separatists declared independence in the early 1990s, an [[First Chechen War|intermittent guerrilla war]] has been fought between the rebel groups and the Russian military. [[Terrorism in Russia|Terrorist attacks against civilians]] carried out by separatists, most notably the [[Moscow theater hostage crisis]] and [[Beslan school siege]], caused hundreds of deaths and drew worldwide attention.
 
   
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His stronger half excelled, dressing more presentable and getting a promotion in his current job in construction, which allowed him to lease the apartment. The weaker half-believed the other half was the evil weapon of Toth that used the nickel to mesmerize people into trusting him. While the stronger Xander was with Anya, the weaker Xander tried to kill him with Anya's revolver. After Toth was killed, the Xanders found out about their true nature as Toth actually wanted to split Buffy into two; one as her Slayer side and the other powerless which, because if one duplicate would die so would the other, making her easier to kill and meaning both Xanders could have died. Xander was returned back into one being, and Xander discovered that the real reason why one of them was so ambitious and fortunate was that it was his true potential.
Russia took up the responsibility for settling the USSR's external debts, even though its population made up just half of the population of the USSR at the time of its dissolution.<ref name="Pravda.ru">{{cite web|title=Russia pays off USSR's entire debt, sets to become crediting country|publisher=Pravda.ru|url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/22-08-2006/84038-parisclub-0/|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref> High budget deficits caused the [[1998 Russian financial crisis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/aslund0108.pdf|title=Russia's Capitalist Revolution|author=A. Aslund|accessdate=March 28, 2008|format=PDF}}</ref> and resulted in a further GDP decline.<ref name="OECD">{{cite web|title=Russian Federation|publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/7/50/2452793.pdf|accessdate=February 24, 2008|format=PDF}}</ref>
 
[[File:Vladimir Putin with Boris Yeltsin-5.jpg|thumb|From left: [[Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow|Patriarch Alexy II]], [[Vladimir Putin]], [[Boris Yeltsin]]]]
 
   
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However, as Riley helped Xander move out of the basement, Riley revealed to Xander that he knew Buffy didn't love him.<ref name="Replacement" /> Xander kept Riley’s words a secret until he confronted Buffy, who was left with an ultimatum after she discovered Riley was secretly paying vampires to bite him for the rush (as he felt neglected by her). Riley told Buffy that he would be leaving her to rejoin the military.
On December 31, 1999, President Yeltsin unexpectedly resigned, handing the post to the recently appointed Prime Minister, [[Vladimir Putin]], who then won [[Russian presidential election, 2000|the 2000 presidential election]]. Putin [[Second Chechen War|suppressed the Chechen insurgency]] although sporadic violence still occurs throughout the Northern Caucasus. [[World oil market chronology from 2003|High oil prices]] and the initially weak currency followed by increasing domestic demand, consumption, and investments has helped the economy grow for nine straight years, improving the standard of living and increasing Russia's influence on the world stage.<ref name="cia" /> However, since the World economic crisis of 2008 and a subsequent drop in oil prices, Russia's economy has stagnated and poverty has again started to rise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/eca/pubs/rer35_ENG.pdf|title=Page Not Found|publisher=}}</ref> While many reforms made during the Putin presidency have been generally criticized by Western nations as undemocratic,<ref>{{cite web|author=Treisman, D|title=Is Russia's Experiment with Democracy Over?|url=http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=16294|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041111074502/http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=16294|archivedate=November 11, 2004|publisher=UCLA International Institute|accessdate=December 31, 2007}}</ref> Putin's leadership over the return of order, stability, and progress has won him widespread admiration in Russia.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Stone, N|title=No wonder they like Putin|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2994651.ece|work=The Times |location=UK |accessdate=December 31, 2007|date=December 4, 2007}}</ref>
 
   
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[[File:Xander_into_the_woods.jpg|thumb|left|Xander becomes completely open and honest about his feelings toward Anya.]]
On March 2, 2008, [[Dmitry Medvedev]] was elected President of Russia while Putin became [[Prime Minister of Russia|Prime Minister]]. Putin returned to the presidency following the [[Russian presidential election, 2012|2012 presidential elections]], and Medvedev was appointed Prime Minister.
 
   
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After Buffy killed Riley’s vampire clients, Xander came and told her that it was because she largely treated Riley as a rebound from Angel and asked her if she really wanted a serious relationship. She did but was too late and Riley left. Because of Buffy’s experience, Xander made it known that he fully appreciated his relationship with Anya, and how she made him feel like an adult.
In 2014, after President [[Viktor Yanukovych]] of [[Ukraine]] fled as a result of a [[2014 Ukrainian revolution|revolution]], Putin requested and received authorization from the Russian Parliament to [[2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine|deploy Russian troops to Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-crisis/ousted-ukrainian-president-asked-russian-troops-envoy-says-n43506 | title=Ousted Ukrainian President Asked For Russian Troops, Envoy Says | author=Reuters | date=March 3, 2014 | publisher=NBC News | accessdate=March 21, 2014}}</ref><ref name="BBCPutinDeploys">{{cite web|url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26400597|title=Putin to deploy Russian troops in Ukraine|publisher=BBC News|date=March 1, 2014|accessdate=March 1, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Radyuhin">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/russian-parliament-approves-use-of-force-in-crimea/article5739708.ece |title=Russian Parliament approves use of army in Ukraine|work=The Hindu|date=March 1, 2014|first=Vladimir|last=Radyuhin|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="walker-the-guardian-2014-descend">{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Shaun |date=March 4, 2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/04/ukraine-crisis-russian-troops-crimea-john-kerry-kiev |title=Russian takeover of Crimea will not descend into war, says Vladimir Putin |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=March 4, 2014}}</ref><ref name="bloomberg-news-2014-request">{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-03-04/russia-calls-ukraine-intervention-legal-citing-yanukovych-letter |title=Russia Stays in Ukraine as Putin Channels Yanukovych Request |first1=Sangwon |last1=Yoon |first2=Daryna |last2=Krasnolutska |first3=Kateryna |last3=Choursina |date=March 4, 2014 |accessdate=March 5, 2014 |newspaper=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> Following a [[Crimean status referendum, 2014|Crimean referendum]] in which separation was favored by a large majority of voters,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26465962|title=Ukraine crisis: Crimea parliament asks to join Russia|work=BBC News|date=March 6, 2014|accessdate=April 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osce.org/cio/116313|title=OSCE|publisher=|accessdate=April 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/Ukraine_Report_15April2014.doc|title = Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine|date = April 15, 2014|publisher = [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.businessinsider.co.id/un-hints-russia-may-have-rigged-crimea-vote-2014-4/#.U2CVCPl_v38|title = The UN's Scathing Crimea Report Suggests Russia May Have Rigged Secession Vote|date = April 11, 2014|website = [[Business Insider]]|first = Harrison|last = Jacobs|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032433/http://www.businessinsider.co.id/un-hints-russia-may-have-rigged-crimea-vote-2014-4/#.U2CVCPl_v38|archivedate = May 2, 2014|df = mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarianambiance.com/2014/03/jobbik-mep-bela-kovacs-crimean.html|title=Jobbik MEP Béla Kovács: The Crimean referendum is perfectly legitimate|publisher=hungarianambiance.com|date=March 16, 2014|accessdate=April 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>March 16, 2014, David Herszenhornmarch, ''The New York Times'', "Crimea Votes to Secede From Ukraine as Russian Troops Keep Watch."</ref> the Russian leadership announced the accession of Crimea into the Russian Federation, though this and the referendum that preceded it were not accepted internationally. On March 27 the United Nations General Assembly voted in favor of a non-binding resolution opposing the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russian annexation of Crimea]] by a vote of 100 member states in favour, 11 against and 58 abstentions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/News/dh/pdf/english/2014/27032014.pdf |title=Backing Ukraine's territorial integrity, UN Assembly declares Crimea referendum invalid |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=March 27, 2014 |website=UN Daily News |publisher=UN News Centre |access-date=October 20, 2016 |quote=}}</ref>
 
   
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Xander, however, later became the center of a conflict between Anya and Willow who had disagreements about running Giles' shop [[The Magic Box]] when he temporarily left it to them. Anya was suspicious of Willow's feelings for Xander despite the fact she discovered she was gay a year before while Willow became irritated by Anya's personality. This led to them accidentally summoning Anya's ex-boyfriend and now [[troll]], [[Olaf]], who rampaged through the streets of Sunnydale. Xander tried to rescue the girls but was easily overpowered and was forced to choose between them. Luckily, Buffy came, having grown emotionally respondent from Xander and Anya's relationship, and defeated Olaf before he was taken out of this dimension.<ref name="Triangle">"[[Triangle]]"</ref>
In September 2015, Russia started [[Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War|military intervention]] in the Syrian Civil War, consisting of air strikes against militant groups of the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]], [[al-Nusra Front|al-Nusra Front (al-Qaeda in the Levant)]], and the [[Army of Conquest]].
 
   
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[[File:Xander_the_gift.jpg|thumb|Xander and Anya look at Buffy's body after she sacrificed herself.]]
==Politics==
 
{{Main article|Politics of Russia}}
 
   
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Shortly before going into battle with the hell-goddess [[Glorificus|Glory]], Xander asked Anya to marry him should they survive, and she accepted. During the battle, Xander acted as one of the many pillars to weaken Glory. As Buffy temporarily lost Olaf's mystical hammer (acquired to use against Glory after his defeat), Xander used his skills as the "glorified bricklayer" against Glory by employing and operating a wrecking ball to keep her off her feet. Even though Glory was defeated, the portal to her dimension was opened via the blood of Buffy's sister [[Dawn Summers|Dawn]], causing strings of lightning bolts to spark which made a load of wreckage fall onto Xander, but he was saved by Anya, who pushed him out of the way and took the damage. Xander later carried an injured yet living Anya just before the dead body of Buffy (who closed the portal by sacrificing herself).
===Governance===
 
{{multiple image
 
| align = right
 
| image1 = Vladimir Putin 12023.jpg
 
| width1 = 120
 
| alt1 = Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin
 
| caption1 = <center>{{flagicon image|Standard of the President of the Russian Federation.svg|size=15x15px}} [[President of Russia|President]]<br /><small>[[Vladimir Putin]]</small></center>
 
| image2 = Dmitry_Medvedev_official_large_photo_-1.jpg
 
| width2 = 139
 
| alt2 = Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev
 
| caption2 = <center>[[File:Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation 2.svg|15px]] [[Prime Minister of Russia|Prime Minister]]<br /><small>[[Dmitry Medvedev]]</small></center>
 
}}
 
According to the [[Constitution of Russia]], the country is a federation and [[semi-presidential]] republic, wherein the President is the [[head of state]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of the Russian Federation|work=(Article 80, §1)|url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-05.htm|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref> and the [[Prime Minister of Russia|Prime Minister]] is the [[head of government]]. The Russian Federation is fundamentally structured as a [[Multi-party system|multi-party]] [[representative democracy]], with the federal government composed of three branches:
 
* Legislative: The [[bicameral]] [[Federal Assembly of Russia]], made up of the 450-member [[State Duma]] and the 166-member [[Federation Council]], adopts [[federal law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves treaties, has the [[power of the purse]] and the power of [[impeachment]] of the President.
 
* Executive: The [[President of Russia|President]] is the [[Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation|Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces]], can veto [[legislative bill]]s before they become law, and appoints the [[Government of Russia]] (Cabinet) and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.
 
* [[Judiciary of Russia|Judiciary]]: The [[Constitutional Court of Russia|Constitutional Court]], [[Supreme Court of Russia|Supreme Court]] and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the President, interpret laws and can overturn laws they deem [[unconstitutional]].
 
   
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===Unready engagement===
The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for a second term, but not for a third consecutive term).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of the Russian Federation|work=(Article 81, §3)|url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-05.htm|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref> Ministries of the government are composed of the Premier and his deputies, ministers, and selected other individuals; all are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister (whereas the appointment of the latter requires the consent of the State Duma). Leading political parties in Russia include [[United Russia]], the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation|Communist Party]], the [[Political party LDPR|Liberal Democratic Party]], and [[A Just Russia]]. In 2013, Russia was ranked as 122nd of 167 countries in the [[Democracy Index]], compiled by [[The Economist]] Intelligence Unit,<ref name="wjp">{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://pages.eiu.com/rs/eiu2/images/Democracy-Index-2012.pdf|title=Democracy at a standstill|publisher=[[World Justice Project]]|date=2013|accessdate=August 9, 2014|page=7}}</ref> while the [[World Justice Project]], as of 2014, ranked Russia 80th of 99 countries surveyed in terms of rule of law.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Justice Project Rule of Law Index 2014|url=http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#/index/RUS}}</ref>
 
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[[File:Xander_bargaining_part_1.jpg|thumb|left|Xander agrees to help Willow bring Buffy back from the grave.]]
   
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For months after Buffy's death, Xander aided Willow, [[Tara Maclay|Tara]] and the [[Buffybot (I)|Buffybot]] look after Dawn in her sister's absence. Xander had doubts about his future with Anya and didn't want her to announce their engagement during such a time when they were recovering from their loss. Xander hesitantly joined in Willow's spell to resurrect Buffy despite having deep doubts about it.
===Foreign relations===
 
{{Main article|Foreign relations of Russia}}
 
   
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As the spell was successful, Xander announced the engagement during [[Halloween (holiday)|Halloween]] after seeing that everyone was happy after a strenuous day working at the [[Magic Box]] (with it being the appropriately themed holiday), letting it slip while watching Anya’s “Dance of Capitalist Superiority”. Xander also tried to help Buffy find a job by letting her try her hand at his construction site, making use of her superhuman strength. However, that only caused trouble for him when Buffy was attacked by a bunch of demons summoned by [[The Trio]].
[[File:Continental Orgs Map.png|thumb|As a [[transcontinental country]], Russia is a member of both the [[Council of Europe]] (COE) and the [[Asia Cooperation Dialogue]].]]
 
[[File:Council of Europe (blue).svg|thumb|The Russian Federation became the 39th member state of the [[Council of Europe]] on February 28, 1996]]
 
[[File:SCO (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Member states, observers and partners of the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] (SCO)]]
 
   
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[[File:Xanya_1.jpg|thumb|Xander and Anya announce their engagement.]]
The Russian Federation is recognized in international law as a [[successor state]] of the former [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="uk">{{cite web|title=Country Profile: Russia|publisher=Foreign & Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/europe/russia/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016040108/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/europe/russia/|archivedate=October 16, 2009|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref> Russia continues to implement the international commitments of the USSR, and has assumed the USSR's permanent seat in the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]], membership in other international organisations, the rights and obligations under international treaties, and property and debts. Russia has a multifaceted foreign policy. {{As of|2009}}, it maintains diplomatic relations with 191 countries and has [[Russian embassies|144 embassies]]. The foreign policy is determined by the President and implemented by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Kosachev. K|title=Russian Foreign Policy Vertical|publisher=Russia in Global Affairs|url=http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/number/n_3372|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref>
 
   
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Hoping for a happy ending, Xander summoned the demon [[Sweet]] to turn Sunnydale into a living musical, which went horribly wrong when people started [[Pyrokinesis#Combustion|bursting into flames]] as well as singing their feelings out. During that period, Xander and Anya both expressed their love and excitement over their upcoming marriage while also revealing each other's flaws. Buffy also revealed that — while dead — she was actually in what she believed was heaven. and her return to life was hell by contrast.<ref name="OnceMoreWithFeeling">"[[Once More, with Feeling]]"</ref> Buffy then began a secret affair with Spike which Xander failed to notice despite some heavy indication when she was briefly turned [[Invisibility|invisible]], having nearly caught them in the act during that period.
As the successor to a former superpower, Russia's geopolitical status has often been debated, particularly in relation to [[Polarity in international relations|unipolar and multipolar]] views on the global political system. While Russia is commonly accepted to be a [[great power]], in recent years it has been characterized by a number of world leaders,<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2009/sep/11/world/fg-russia-chavez11 Venezuela's President Hugo Chavez recognizes independence of breakaway Georgia republics] by Megan K. Stack. September 9, 2009</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110430182020/http://freevideo.rt.com/video/1759 Netanyahu declares Russia as superpower] Russia Today News February 15, 2010</ref> scholars,<ref>[http://georgiandaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6527 Superpower Reborn] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427085654/https://georgiandaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6527 |date=April 27, 2011}} by [[Ronald Steel]]. New York Times, August 24, 2008</ref> commentators and politicians<ref>{{cite web|url=http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-9079543725663390621|title=Russia is a Superpower CNN, US Senators telling the truth|agency=CNN News|date=August 30, 2008}}{{cbignore}}</ref> as a currently reinstating or [[potential superpower]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Rosefielde|first=Steven|date=2005|title=Russia in the 21st Century The Prodigal Superpower|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eC6HdSYZhRgC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page= |isbn=0-521-83678-6}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=December 2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://atlanticreview.org/archives/1160-Is-Russia-a-Superpower-Cold-War-II.html|title=Is Russia a Superpower? Cold War&nbsp;II?|first=Kyle|last=Atwell|date=August 25, 2008|publisher=Atlantic Review|access-date=October 20, 2016}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=Blog site without professional editorial oversight.|date=October 2016}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/russia-s-strategy-what-s-looming-in-ukraine-is-more-threatening-than-georgia-a-584631.html|title=What's Looming in Ukraine Is more Threatening than Georgia|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=October 16, 2008|publisher=[[Der Spiegel]]|access-date=October 20, 2016|quote=Nikonov: Russia is not a superpower and won't be one for the foreseeable future. But Russia is a great power. It was one, it is one and it will continue to be one.}}</ref>
 
   
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[[File:Xander_gone.jpg|thumb|left|Xander remains oblivious to Buffy and Spike's ongoing affair.]]
As one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council, Russia plays a major role in maintaining international peace and security. The country participates in the [[Quartet on the Middle East]] and the [[Six-party talks]] with North Korea. Russia is a member of the [[G8]] industrialized nations, the [[Council of Europe]], [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], and [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]]. Russia usually takes a leading role in regional organisations such as the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]], [[Eurasian Economic Community|EurAsEC]], [[Collective Security Treaty Organisation|CSTO]], and the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]].<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/int/sco.htm The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation] at Globalsecurity.org April 27, 2005</ref> Russia became the 39th member state of the Council of Europe in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/russian-federation;jsessionid=72C03060D9E7D3EB3C05D542C3E3E1E8|title=Russian Federation – Member state|publisher=Council of Europe|accessdate=April 28, 2015}}</ref> In 1998, Russia ratified the [[European Convention on Human Rights]]. The legal basis for EU relations with Russia is the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, which came into force in 1997. The Agreement recalls the parties' shared respect for democracy and human rights, political and economic freedom and commitment to international peace and security.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/russia/eu_russia/political_relations/legal_framework/index_en.htm|title= Legal framework – The Partnership and Cooperation Agreement|publisher=Delegation of the European Union to Russia|date=February 13, 2009|accessdate=April 27, 2015}}</ref> In May 2003, the EU and Russia agreed to reinforce their cooperation on the basis of common values and shared interests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/russia/eu_russia/political_relations/political_framework/index_en.htm|title=Political framework – Europe and Russia: Building a Strategic Partnership|publisher=Delegation of the European Union to Russia|date=February 13, 2009|accessdate=April 27, 2015}}</ref> Former President Vladimir Putin had advocated a strategic partnership with close integration in various dimensions including establishment of [[EU-Russia Common Spaces]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ria.ru/politics/20041125/743119.html|title=Interview of official Ambassador of Russian Foreign Ministry on relations with the EU|publisher=RIA Novosti|accessdate=June 30, 2008|language=ru}}</ref> Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia has developed a friendlier relationship with the [[Russia-United States relations|United States]] and [[NATO-Russia relations|NATO]]. The [[NATO-Russia Council]] was established in 2002 to allow the United States, Russia and the 27 allies in NATO to work together as equal partners to pursue opportunities for joint collaboration.<ref>{{cite web|title=NATO-Russia relations|publisher=NATO|url=http://www.nato.int/issues/nato-russia/topic.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070411124719/http://www.nato.int/issues/nato-russia/topic.html|archivedate=April 11, 2007|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref>
 
   
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Xander and Anya showed both excitement and frustration on their upcoming wedding, as they both learned to Waltz while arguing about preparations, which became resolved after being given advice from Riley and his new wife [[Samantha Finn|Sam]] during a visit to Sunnydale in order to kill a demon. They concluded that they feared their wedding, not their marriage. Xander, however, was still unsure. His fears over marrying Anya were made worse during their wedding by a visit from a man who claimed to be his future self, showing him a bitter future trapped in a marriage similar to that of his parents. In reality, this man was [[Stewart Burns]], who had been turned into a demon by Anya and was seeking vengeance from her. Although the vision was also revealed to be false, Xander became more conscious of the doubts he was already having, especially seeing his drunken father abuse Xander's mother and insult Anya's demonic "family". To avoid hurting Anya, he decided to call off the wedding, leaving a heartbroken Anya at the altar.<ref name="HellsBells" />
[[File:BRICS leaders meet on the sidelines of 2016 G20 Summit in China.jpg|thumb|left|Leaders of the [[BRICS]] nations in 2016: (l-r) [[Michel Temer]] of Brazil, [[Narendra Modi]] of India, [[Xi Jinping]] of China, [[Vladimir Putin]] of Russia and [[Jacob Zuma]] of South Africa]]
 
Russia maintains strong and positive relations with other [[BRIC|BRIC countries]]. [[India]] is the largest customer of Russian military equipment and the two countries share [[India–Russia relations|extensive defense and strategic relations]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/11/16/uk-russia-india-aircraftcarrier-idUKBRE9AF03820131116|title=Indian navy gets Russian carrier as it seeks to bolster military|newspaper=Ruetes|date=November 16, 2013|first=Anurag|last=Kotoky}}</ref> In recent years, the country has strengthened bilateral ties especially with the [[China|People's Republic of China]] by signing the [[2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship|Treaty of Friendship]] as well as building the [[Trans-Siberian oil pipeline]] and [[Yakutia–Khabarovsk–Vladivostok pipeline|gas pipeline from Siberia to China]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704082104575515543164948682|title=Russian Oil Route Will Open to China|first=Jeremy|last=Page|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=September 26, 2010|accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/01/russia-china-oil-idUSLDE6BU0CK20110101?rpc=401& |title=Russia in milestone oil pipeline supply to China |agency=Reuters |accessdate=March 21, 2011 |date=January 1, 2011}}</ref>
 
   
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[[File:Xander_hells_bells_heartbreak.jpg|thumb|Xander decides he doesn't want to repeat his parents' marriage and leaves Anya at the altar.]]
An important aspect of Russia's relations with the West is the criticism of Russia's political system and [[human rights in Russia|human rights]] management (including [[LGBT rights in Russia|LGBT rights]], [[media freedom in Russia|media freedom]], and reports about [[List of journalists killed in Russia|killed journalists]]) by Western governments, the mass media and the leading democracy and human rights [[wikt:watchdog|watchdogs]]. In particular, such organisations as the [[Amnesty International]] and [[Human Rights Watch]] consider Russia to have not enough democratic attributes and to allow few political rights and civil liberties to its citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/russia/report-2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713010532/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/russia/report-2009|archivedate=July 13, 2010|title=Amnesty International report on Russia|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=July 11, 2010}}</ref><ref>Human Rights Watch on Russia and Chechnya [https://www.hrw.org/en/video/2008/04/06/russia-trial HTW.org]</ref> [[Freedom House]], an international organisation funded by the United States, ranks Russia as "not free", citing "carefully engineered elections" and "absence" of debate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2009/russia?page=22&year=2009&country=7689#.VT7KCuH9ycw|title=Annual report Russia|publisher=Freedom House|date=May 10, 2004|accessdate=April 27, 2010}}</ref> Russian authorities dismiss these claims and especially criticise Freedom House. The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has called the 2006 ''[[Freedom in the World]]'' report "prefabricated", stating that the human rights issues have been turned into a political weapon in particular by the United States. The ministry also claims that such organisations as Freedom House and Human Rights Watch use the same scheme of voluntary extrapolation of "isolated facts that of course can be found in any country" into "dominant tendencies".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/21jun2006/fh.html|title=In Russian: МИД России назвал доклад Freedom House "дубиной" в руках Вашингтона|publisher=Newsru.com|accessdate=April 27, 2010}}</ref>
 
   
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Xander then fled to a hotel for the night before returning to his apartment where he drowned his sorrows in beer and music. Xander attempted to fix things with Anya as he still loved her. However, Anya returned to the vengeance fold and tried to have Xander's friends make wishes against him. Failing to do so, Anya became drunk with Spike and subsequently had sex with him. Discovering them in the act, Xander attacked and very nearly killed him in a jealous rage, but abandoned those plans out of anger and disgust when he and the other Scoobies discovered that Buffy and Spike had been sleeping together behind their backs for quite some time.<ref name="Entropy">"[[Entropy]]"</ref><br />
===Military===
 
{{Main article|Russian Armed Forces}}
 
[[File:Army-2015 2.png|thumb|[[Patriot Park|Military-patriotic recreation park of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation]]]]
 
[[File:Шествие региональной патриотической общественной организации «Бессмертный полк» - 1.jpg|thumb|[[2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade]]: Russians at «[[:ru:Бессмертный полк|Immortal regiment]]», carrying portraits of their ancestors who fought in [[World War II]].]]
 
The Russian military is divided into the [[Russian Ground Forces|Ground Forces]], [[Russian Navy|Navy]], and [[Russian Air Force|Air Force]]. There are also three independent arms of service: [[Strategic Missile Troops]], [[Russian Aerospace Defence Forces|Aerospace Defence Forces]], and the [[Russian Airborne Troops|Airborne Troops]]. In 2006, the military had 1.037&nbsp;million personnel on active duty.<ref name="iiss">{{Cite journal|format=PDF |journal=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=Overview of the major Asian Powers |page=31 |url=http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/060626_asia_balance_powers.pdf |accessdate=January 27, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911183358/http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/060626_asia_balance_powers.pdf |archivedate=September 11, 2009}}</ref> It is mandatory for all male citizens aged 18–27 to be [[conscription|drafted]] for a year of service in Armed Forces.<ref name="cia" />
 
   
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[[File:Xander_entropy.jpg|thumb|left|Xander drowns his sorrows.]]
Russia has [[Russia and weapons of mass destruction|the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons]] in the world. It has the second largest fleet of [[ballistic missile submarine]]s and is the only country apart from the United States with a modern [[strategic bomber]] force.<ref name="fas">{{cite web|title=Status of Nuclear Powers and Their Nuclear Capabilities|publisher=Federation of American Scientists|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/summary.htm |date=March 2008 |accessdate=March 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.komonews.com/news/national/28390779.html Russia pilots proud of flights to foreign shores] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501084738/http://www.komonews.com/news/national/28390779.html |date=May 1, 2011}} by David Nowak. The Associated Press, September 15, 2008</ref> Russia's [[tank]] force is the largest in the world, its surface navy and air force are among the largest ones.
 
   
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When Spike subsequently attempted to rape Buffy, Xander was infuriated, and later realized that Buffy had not told them about her relationship with Spike because she knew that Xander would react as he had. After a peaceful conversation, Xander subsequently made amends with Buffy.<ref name="SeeingRed">"[[Seeing Red]]"</ref><br /> Meanwhile, Tara was fatally shot by [[Warren Mears]], who was trying to kill Buffy. Xander blamed himself for both that and Willow’s subsequent turn to the dark side, remarking that he had seen Warren’s gun before he raised it and was merely frozen with fear while he shot both Buffy and Tara. Xander supported Willow’s intentions to kill Warren in revenge until she actually did so.<ref name="Villains">"[[Villains]]"</ref><br />
The country has a large and fully indigenous [[Defense industry of Russia|arms industry]], producing most of its own military equipment with only few types of weapons imported. Russia is one of the world's top supplier of arms, a spot it has held since 2001, accounting for around 30% of worldwide weapons sales<ref>{{cite web|title=US drives world military spending to record high|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200606/s1661277.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613172226/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200606/s1661277.htm|archivedate=June 13, 2006|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref> and exporting weapons to about 80 countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia arms exports could exceed $7 bln in 2007&nbsp;– Ivanov|publisher=RIA Novosti|accessdate=January 27, 2008|url=http://sputniknews.com/russia/20071224/93979601.html}}</ref> The [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]], SIPRI, found that Russia was the second biggest exporter of arms in 2010–14, increasing their exports by 37 per cent from the period 2005–2009. In 2010–14, Russia delivered weapons to 56 states and to rebel forces in eastern Ukraine.<ref name="sipri1">{{cite web|format=PDF|first1=Pieter D.|last1=Wezeman|author2=Siemon T. Wezeman|url=http://books.sipri.org/files/FS/SIPRIFS1503.pdf|title=Trends in International Arms Transfer, 2014|publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|date=March 2015|accessdate=August 4, 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705053333/http://books.sipri.org/files/FS/SIPRIFS1503.pdf|archivedate=July 5, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
 
   
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[[File:Xander_grave.jpg|thumb|Xander saves the world by stopping Willow with the power of love.]]
The Russian government's published 2014 military budget is about 2.49 trillion [[rubles]] (approximately US$69.3 billion), the [[List of countries by military expenditures|third largest]] in the world behind the US and China. The official budget is set to rise to 3.03 trillion rubles (approximately US$83.7 billion) in 2015, and 3.36 trillion rubles (approximately US$93.9 billion) in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kazak|first=Sergey|title=Russia to Up Nuclear Weapons Spending 50% by 2016|url=http://sputniknews.com/military/20131008/184004336.html|publisher=RIA Novosti|accessdate=March 1, 2014}}</ref> However, unofficial estimates put the budget significantly higher, for example the [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] (SIPRI) 2013 Military Expenditure Database estimated Russia's military expenditure in 2012 at US$90.749 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |url=http://milexdata.sipri.org/files/?file=SIPRI+milex+data+1988-2012+v2.xlsx |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |accessdate=March 1, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208055140/https://milexdata.sipri.org/files/?file=SIPRI%2Bmilex%2Bdata%2B1988-2012%2Bv2.xlsx |archivedate=February 8, 2014 |df= }}</ref> This estimate is an increase of more than US$18 billion on SIPRI's estimate of the Russian military budget for 2011 (US$71.9 billion).<ref>{{cite web|last=Toohey |first=Nathan |title=Russia's defense spending grows to third largest in the world |url=http://themoscownews.com/russia/20120417/189640006.html |publisher=Moscow Times |accessdate=March 1, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305133919/http://themoscownews.com/russia/20120417/189640006.html |archivedate=March 5, 2014}}</ref> {{As of|2014}}, Russia's military budget is higher than any other [[Europe]]an nation.
 
   
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Willow attempted to destroy the world, and as Buffy was unable to stop her, Xander came to Willow, claiming if the world were to end he would be by her side. Even as Willow attacked him, Xander simply refused to leave her and said that he still loved her — which managed to return her to her senses and restore her humanity.<ref name="Grave">"[[Grave]]"</ref>
===Political divisions===
 
{{Main article|Subdivisions of Russia}}
 
[[File:Map of federal subjects of Russia (2014).svg|center|600px|Federal subjects of Russia]]
 
[[File:Vladimir Putin 8 November 2000-1.jpg|thumb|Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] and [[Akhmad Kadyrov]], former rebel and [[head of the Chechen Republic]], 2000]]
 
[[File:RIAN archive 172139 Dmitry Medvedev visits Kazan.jpg|thumb|Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] and President of Tatarstan [[Mintimer Shaimiyev]] in [[Kazan]], the capital of [[Tatarstan]], 2011]]
 
;Federal subjects
 
According to the [[Constitution of Russia|Constitution]], the country comprises eighty-five [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subjects]],<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of the Russian Federation |work=[[:ru:Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации|pravo.gov.ru]] |url=http://pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?94685 |pages=19, 21 |language=Russian language |date=April 11, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142716/http://pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?94685 |archivedate=April 13, 2014}}</ref> including the disputed [[Republic of Crimea]] and [[federal cities of Russia|federal city]] of [[Sevastopol]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20605|title=Treaty Between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea on Ascension to the Russian Federation of the Republic of Crimea and on Establishment of New Subjects Within the Russian Federation|publisher=Kremlin.ru|date=March 18, 2014|accessdate=April 10, 2014|language=ru}}</ref> In 1993, when the Constitution was adopted, there were eighty-nine federal subjects listed, but later some of them were merged. These subjects have equal representation—two delegates each—in the [[Federation Council (Russia)|Federation Council]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of the Russian Federation|work=(Article 95, §2)|url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-06.htm|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref> However, they differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy.
 
* 46 [[oblasts of Russia|oblasts]] (provinces): most common type of federal subjects, with locally elected governor and legislature.<ref name="FZ_gub_elect" />
 
* 22 [[republics of Russia|republics]]: nominally autonomous; each is tasked with drafting its own constitution, direct-elected<ref name="FZ_gub_elect">Direct elections of heads of republics (and other federal subjects) are mandated by Article 18 of the [http://constitution.garant.ru/act/federative/12117177/chapter/3/#300 Federal Law of 06.10.1999 No. 184-FZ] as amended by [http://base.garant.ru/70169404/#131 Federal Law of 2.05.2012 No. 40-FZ]</ref> head of republic<ref>Designation of republican heads as presidents is forbidden by [http://graph.document.kremlin.ru/page.aspx?1;1538006 Federal Law of 28.12.2010 No. 406-FZ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116214932/https://graph.document.kremlin.ru/page.aspx?1%3B1538006 |date=January 16, 2013}}, but transitional period lasts until January 1, 2015</ref> or a similar post, and parliament. Republics are allowed to establish their own official language alongside Russian but are represented by the federal government in international affairs. Republics are meant to be home to specific ethnic minorities.
 
* 9 [[krais of Russia|krais]] (territories): essentially the same as oblasts. The "territory" designation is historic, originally given to frontier regions and later also to the administrative divisions that comprised autonomous okrugs or autonomous oblasts.
 
* 4 [[autonomous okrugs of Russia|autonomous okrugs]] (autonomous districts): originally autonomous entities within oblasts and krais created for ethnic minorities, their status was elevated to that of federal subjects in the 1990s. With the exception of [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]], all autonomous okrugs are still administratively subordinated to a krai or an oblast of which they are a part.
 
* 1 [[Autonomous oblasts of Russia|autonomous oblast]] (the [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]]): historically, autonomous oblasts were administrative units subordinated to krais. In 1990, all of them except for the Jewish AO were elevated in status to that of a republic.
 
* 3 [[federal cities]] (Moscow, [[Saint Petersburg]], and [[Sevastopol]]): major cities that function as separate regions.
 
   
  +
===The one who sees===
{{Further information|Political status of Crimea and Sevastopol|2014 Crimean crisis}}
 
  +
{{Quote|They'll never know how tough it is, Dawnie. To be the one who isn't chosen. To live so near to the spotlight and never step in it. But I know. I see more than anybody realizes because...nobody's watching me. I saw you last night. I see you working here today. You're not special. You're extraordinary.|Xander|Potential}}
   
  +
[[File:Xander,_buffy_and_dawn_lessons.jpg|thumb|left|Xander shows Buffy the blueprints of the new Sunnydale High School.]]
;Federal districts
 
Federal subjects are grouped into eight [[federal districts of Russia|federal districts]], each administered by an envoy appointed by the President of Russia.<ref>''Russian Classification of Economic Regions'' (OK&nbsp;024–95) of January 1, 1997 as amended by the Amendments #1/1998 through #5/2001. (Section&nbsp;I. Federal Districts)</ref> Unlike the federal subjects, the federal districts are not a subnational level of government, but are a level of administration of the federal government. Federal districts' envoys serve as liaisons between the federal subjects and the federal government and are primarily responsible for overseeing the compliance of the federal subjects with the federal laws.
 
   
  +
The following year, Xander looked after Dawn along with Buffy while Willow was away in England for rehabilitation with Giles. He continued a steady career in construction where he was one of the workers who built the new Sunnydale High. This allowed him access to a map of the restored school where Dawn attended that year so she could avoid any supernatural occurrences though this did not stop Dawn from encountering a group of evil manifestations on her first day which Xander defeated by destroying their [[talisman]].
==Geography==
 
{{Main article|Geography of Russia}}
 
{{See also|List of Russian explorers}}
 
{{Location map+ | Russia
 
| width = 750
 
| caption =
 
| relief = 1
 
| places =
 
{{Location map~ | Russia
 
| label = '''[[Moscow]]'''
 
| position =
 
| background =
 
| mark = Etoile-Rouge.svg
 
| alt = alt text for Moscow
 
| link = Moscow
 
| lat_deg = 55 | lat_min = 45 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 37 | lon_min = 37 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = [[Saint Petersburg|St.&nbsp;Petersburg]]
 
| position =
 
| background =
 
| mark = City locator 26.svg
 
| alt = alt text for Saint Petersburg
 
| link = Saint Petersburg
 
| lat_deg = 59 | lat_min = 57 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 30 | lon_min = 18 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = <small>[[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorod]]</small>
 
| position = bottom
 
| background =
 
| mark =
 
| alt = alt text for Veliky Novgorod
 
| link = Veliky Novgorod
 
| lat_deg = 58 | lat_min = 33 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 31 | lon_min = 16 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = [[Novosibirsk]]
 
| position =bottom
 
| background =
 
| mark = City locator 26.svg
 
| alt = alt text for Novosibirsk
 
| link = Novosibirsk
 
| lat_deg = 55 | lat_min = 03 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 82 | lon_min = 57 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = [[Yekaterinburg]]
 
| position =
 
| background =
 
| mark = City locator 26.svg
 
| alt = alt text for Yekaterinburg
 
| link = Yekaterinburg
 
| lat_deg = 56 | lat_min = 50 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 60 | lon_min = 35 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = [[Nizhny Novgorod|Nizhny&nbsp;Novgorod]]
 
| position =
 
| background =
 
| mark = City locator 26.svg
 
| alt = alt text for Nizhny Novgorod
 
| link = Nizhny Novgorod
 
| lat_deg = 56 | lat_min = 19 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 44 | lon_min = 00 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = <small>[[Kazan]]</small>
 
| position =left
 
| background =
 
| mark =
 
| alt = alt text for Kazan
 
| link = Kazan
 
| lat_deg = 55 | lat_min = 47 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 49 | lon_min = 07 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = <small>[[Chelyabinsk]]</small>
 
| position =
 
| background =
 
| mark =
 
| alt = alt text for Chelyabinsk
 
| link = Chelyabinsk
 
| lat_deg = 55 | lat_min = 09 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 61 | lon_min = 22 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = <small>[[Omsk]]</small>
 
| position =bottom
 
| background =
 
| mark =
 
| alt = alt text for Omsk
 
| link = Omsk
 
| lat_deg = 54 | lat_min = 59 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 73 | lon_min = 22 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = <small>[[Samara, Russia|Samara]]</small>
 
| position =left
 
| background =
 
| mark =
 
| alt = alt text for Samara
 
| link = Samara, Russia
 
| lat_deg = 53 | lat_min = 12 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 50 | lon_min = 08 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = [[Rostov-on-Don|Rostov]]
 
| position =top
 
| background =
 
| mark = City locator 26.svg
 
| alt = alt text for Rostov-on-Don
 
| link = Rostov-on-Don
 
| lat_deg = 47 | lat_min = 14 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 39 | lon_min = 42 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = <small>[[Ufa]]</small>
 
| position =bottom
 
| background =
 
| mark =
 
| alt = alt text for Ufa
 
| link = Ufa
 
| lat_deg = 54 | lat_min = 45 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 55 | lon_min = 58 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = <small>[[Krasnoyarsk]]</small>
 
| position =
 
| background =
 
| mark =
 
| alt = alt text for Krasnoyarsk
 
| link = Krasnoyarsk
 
| lat_deg = 56 | lat_min = 01 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 93 | lon_min = 04 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = <small>[[Perm]]</small>
 
| position =
 
| background =
 
| mark =
 
| alt = alt text for Perm
 
| link = Perm
 
| lat_deg = 58 | lat_min = 00 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 56 | lon_min = 19 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = <small>[[Voronezh]]</small>
 
| position =left
 
| background =
 
| mark =
 
| alt = alt text for Voronezh
 
| link = Voronezh
 
| lat_deg = 51 | lat_min = 40 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 39 | lon_min = 12 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = <small>[[Volgograd]]</small>
 
| position =bottom
 
| background =
 
| mark =
 
| alt = alt text for Volgograd
 
| link = Volgograd
 
| lat_deg = 48 | lat_min = 42 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 44 | lon_min = 31 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = <small>[[Arkhangelsk]]</small>
 
| position =bottom
 
| background =
 
| mark =
 
| alt = alt text for Arkhangelsk
 
| link = Arkhangelsk
 
| lat_deg = 64 | lat_min = 32 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 40 | lon_min = 32 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = [[Pyatigorsk]]
 
| position =bottom
 
| background =
 
| mark = City locator 26.svg
 
| alt = alt text for Pyatigorsk
 
| link = Pyatigorsk
 
| lat_deg = 44 | lat_min = 03 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 43 | lon_min = 03 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = <small>[[Sochi]]</small>
 
| position =top
 
| background =
 
| mark =
 
| alt = alt text for Sochi
 
| link = Sochi
 
| lat_deg = 43 | lat_min = 35 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 39 | lon_min = 43 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = <small>[[Irkutsk]]</small>
 
| position =
 
| background =
 
| mark =
 
| alt = alt text for Irkutsk
 
| link = Irkutsk
 
| lat_deg = 52 | lat_min = 17 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 104 | lon_min = 17 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = <small>[[Yakutsk]]</small>
 
| position =
 
| background =
 
| mark =
 
| alt = alt text for Yakutsk
 
| link = Yakutsk
 
| lat_deg = 62 | lat_min = 02 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 129 | lon_min = 44 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = [[Khabarovsk]]
 
| position =bottom
 
| background =
 
| mark = City locator 26.svg
 
| alt = alt text for Khabarovsk
 
| link = Khabarovsk
 
| lat_deg = 48 | lat_min = 29 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 135 | lon_min = 05 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = <small>[[Vladivostok]]</small>
 
| position =right
 
| background =
 
| mark =
 
| alt = alt text for Vladivostok
 
| link = Vladivostok
 
| lat_deg = 43 | lat_min = 08 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 131 | lon_min = 54 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = <small>[[Magadan]]</small>
 
| position =
 
| background =
 
| mark =
 
| alt = alt text for Magadan
 
| link = Magadan
 
| lat_deg = 59 | lat_min = 34 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 150 | lon_min = 48 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = <small>[[Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk]]</small>
 
| position =right
 
| background =
 
| mark =
 
| alt = alt text for Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
 
| link = Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
 
| lat_deg = 46 | lat_min = 58 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 142 | lon_min = 44 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = <small>[[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]</small>
 
| position =bottom
 
| background =
 
| mark =
 
| alt = alt text for Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
 
| link = Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
 
| lat_deg = 53 | lat_min = 01 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 158 | lon_min = 39 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
{{Location map~| Russia
 
| label = <small>[[Kaliningrad]]</small>
 
| position =
 
| background =
 
| mark =
 
| alt = alt text for Kaliningrad
 
| link = Kaliningrad
 
| lat_deg = 54 | lat_min = 42 | lat_dir = N
 
| lon_deg = 20 | lon_min = 27 | lon_dir = E
 
}}
 
}}
 
   
  +
As the remaining Scoobies came into contact with a still-demonic Anya, Xander struggled over his feelings for her. He protested to the notion of Buffy killing Anya after she had a group of frat boys killed, believing there was still a chance to redeem her even though Anya didn't believe it herself. He warned Anya of Buffy's intentions but Anya nevertheless fought back until her boss [[D'Hoffryn]] intervened, having been summoned by a recovering Willow. In order to revive the frat boys, Anya was stripped of her powers once more and she and Xander finally broke up for good, despite admitting that they still loved each other, though they did continue to have the odd fling in times of crisis.
[[File:Russia_koppen.svg|300px|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of Russia]]
 
Russia is the [[largest country in the world]]; its total area is {{convert|17075200|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="General Information">{{cite web|title=General Information|url=http://www.russianembassy.org/page/general-information|publisher=Russian 6Embassy|accessdate=February 14, 2016}}</ref><ref name="area">[http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2015/region/reg-pok15.pdf Regions of Russia. Social and economic indicators 2015] Russian Federal State Statistics Service</ref> It lies between latitudes [[41st parallel north|41°]] and [[82nd parallel north|82° N]], and longitudes [[19th meridian east|19° E]] and [[169th meridian west|169° W]].
 
   
  +
[[File:Xander_and_anya_break_up.jpg|thumb|Xander and Anya mutually decide to ends things once and for all.]]
Russia's territorial expansion was achieved largely in the late 16th century under the Cossack [[Yermak Timofeyevich]] during the reign of [[Ivan the Terrible]], at a time when competing city-states in the western regions of Russia had banded together to form one country. Yermak mustered an army and pushed eastward where he conquered nearly all the lands once belonging to the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]], defeating their ruler, [[Kuchum|Khan Kuchum]].<ref>Alton S Donnelly, ''The Russian Conquest of Bashkiria'', 1968, pages 23 and 127; Lincoln, W. Bruce. ''The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians''. New York: Random House, 1994, p. 30</ref>
 
   
  +
Xander played an active role during Buffy's conflict against [[the First Evil]] and his attempt at ending the Slayer line by murdering all [[Potential Slayer]]s in Buffy's protection. It was his job in construction that provided Buffy an arena to fight the near-invincible [[Turok-Han]] vampire in order to provide an example towards the Potentials. Dawn mistakenly believed herself to be a Potential Slayer, Xander empathized with her disappointment at not being the one in the spotlight, while also praising her initiative when she encouraged the actual Potential [[Amanda (Slayer)|Amanda]] to follow her destiny.<ref name="Potential">"[[Potential]]"</ref>
Russia has a wide natural resource base, including major deposits of timber, petroleum, natural gas, coal, ores and other mineral resources.
 
   
  +
[[File:Xander_potential.jpg|thumb|left|Xander helps Dawn understand their part in all this, as well as his admiration toward her.]]
===Topography===
 
The two most widely separated points in Russia are about {{convert|8000|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} apart along a [[geodesic]] line. These points are: a {{convert|60|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long [[Vistula Spit]] the boundary with Poland separating the [[Gdańsk Bay]] from the [[Vistula Lagoon]] and the most southeastern point of the [[Kuril Islands]]. The points which are farthest separated in [[longitude]] are {{convert|6600|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} apart along a geodesic line. These points are: in the west, the same spit on the boundary with Poland, and in the east, the [[Big Diomede Island]]. The Russian Federation spans 11 [[time zone]]s.
 
   
  +
Xander had his left eye gouged out by the evil preacher [[Caleb]], and began wearing an eye patch.<ref name="DirtyGirls">"[[Dirty Girls]]"</ref> Despite his insistence on fighting side-by-side with Buffy, Xander was pleaded to drive himself and Dawn out of Sunnydale as the two of them were the most vulnerable. He had to have her chloroformed as she couldn't be negotiated with but ended up being tasered unconscious and driven back to the Summer's home by Dawn herself.
[[File:Эльбрус с перевала Гумбаши.JPG|thumb|right|[[Mount Elbrus]], the highest point of the [[Caucasus]], Russia and Europe]]
 
Most of Russia consists of vast stretches of plains that are predominantly [[steppe]] to the south and heavily forested to the north, with [[tundra]] along the northern coast. Russia possesses 10% of the world's [[arable land]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Oil prices drive the cost of food|publisher=RIA Novosti|url=http://sputniknews.com/analysis/20080222/99853566.html|accessdate=February 22, 2008}}</ref> Mountain ranges are found along the southern borders, such as the [[Caucasus Mountains|Caucasus]] (containing [[Mount Elbrus]], which at {{convert|5642|m|0|abbr=on}} is the highest point in both Russia and Europe) and the [[Altai Mountains|Altai]] (containing [[Mount Belukha]], which at the {{convert|4506|m|0|abbr=on}} is the highest point of Siberia outside of the [[Russian Far East]]); and in the eastern parts, such as the [[Verkhoyansk Range]] or the volcanoes of [[Kamchatka Peninsula]] (containing [[Klyuchevskaya Sopka]], which at the {{convert|4750|m|0|abbr=on}} is the highest [[active volcano]] in Eurasia as well as the highest point of [[Asian Russia]]). The [[Ural Mountains]], rich in mineral resources, form a north-south range that divides Europe and Asia.
 
   
  +
[[File:Caleb gouges Xanders Eye.jpg|thumb|During their fight with Caleb, Xander's eye is gouged out.]]
Russia has an extensive coastline of over {{convert|37000|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} along the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, as well as along the [[Baltic Sea]], [[Sea of Azov]], [[Black Sea]] and [[Caspian Sea]].<ref name="cia">{{cite web|last=The World Factbook|title=CIA|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rs.html|accessdate=December 26, 2007}}</ref> The [[Barents Sea]], [[White Sea]], [[Kara Sea]], [[Laptev Sea]], [[East Siberian Sea]], [[Chukchi Sea]], [[Bering Sea]], [[Sea of Okhotsk]], and the [[Sea of Japan]] are linked to Russia via the Arctic and Pacific. Russia's major islands and archipelagos include [[Novaya Zemlya]], the [[Franz Josef Land]], the [[Severnaya Zemlya]], the [[New Siberian Islands]], [[Wrangel Island]], the [[Kuril Islands]], and [[Sakhalin]]. The [[Diomede Islands]] (one controlled by Russia, the other by the United States) are just {{convert|3|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} apart, and [[Kunashir Island]] is about {{convert|20|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} from [[Hokkaido]], Japan.
 
   
  +
In the final battle against the First Evil, Xander fought alongside Dawn while Anya was killed by a [[Bringer's sword]], and her body remained in the new Sunnydale High's ruins as the empty town was swallowed by the earth. [[Andrew Wells]], whom she had fought alongside, comforted Xander by saying that Anya had died saving his life. Xander replied by saying "That's my girl. Always doing the stupid thing."
[[File:Новодевичье 20050020.jpg|thumb|right|[[Volga River]] in [[Samara Oblast]]]]
 
Russia has thousands of [[Rivers in Russia|rivers]] and inland bodies of water, providing it with one of the world's largest surface water resources. Its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's liquid [[fresh water]].<ref name="loc">{{cite web|last=Library of Congress|title=Topography and drainage|url=http://countrystudies.us/russia/23.htm|accessdate=December 26, 2007}}</ref> The largest and most prominent of Russia's bodies of fresh water is [[Lake Baikal]], the world's deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious fresh water lake.<ref name="baikal">{{cite web|title=Lake Baikal—A Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies|publisher=United States Geological Survey|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/baikal/|accessdate=December 26, 2007}}</ref> Baikal alone contains over one-fifth of the world's fresh surface water.<ref name="loc" /> Other major lakes include [[Lake Ladoga|Ladoga]] and [[Lake Onega|Onega]], two of the [[largest lakes in Europe]]. Russia is second only to Brazil in volume of the [[total renewable water resources]]. Of the country's 100,000 rivers,<ref>{{cite web|title=Angara River|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2007|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/24432/Angara-River|accessdate=December 26, 2007}}</ref> the [[Volga]] is the most famous, not only because it is the [[longest river in Europe]], but also because of its major role in Russian history.<ref name="cia" /> The Siberian rivers [[Ob River|Ob]], [[Yenisey]], [[Lena River|Lena]] and [[Amur River|Amur]] are among the [[longest rivers in the world]].
 
   
===Climate===
+
===Watcher===
  +
[[File:Tales of the Vampires 03 p20.jpg|thumb|left|Xander as Dracula's manservant.]]Following Sunnydale's destruction, Xander took a "leave of absence" from the Scooby Gang to mourn Anya's death.<ref name="WolvesAtTheGate2" /> He spent some time in Africa,<ref name="Damage">"[[Damage]]"</ref> and eventually reunited with Dracula. Falling under his thrall again, Xander resumed his old position as the vampire's loyal manservant, living with him in his Transylvanian castle for several months, during which the pair provided each other company and Xander taught Dracula how to ride a motorcycle. Buffy eventually tracked her friend down and showed up at Dracula's castle with two other Slayers in a bid to rescue him, but the brainwashed Xander remained loyal to his "master" and tried to fight them off. Eventually, Dracula admitted that Xander belonged with his friends, and, after an emotional farewell, released him from his trance.<ref name="Antique">''[[Antique]]''</ref>
{{Main article|Climate of Russia}}
 
[[File:Саблинский хребет.jpg|thumb|left|[[Taiga]] forest, [[Yugyd Va National Park]] in the [[Komi Republic]]]]
 
[[File:Пробка на улице Ленина (Сочи).jpg|thumb|right|[[Sochi]], [[Black Sea]] coast]]
 
The enormous size of Russia and the remoteness of many areas from the sea result in the dominance of the [[humid continental climate]], which is prevalent in all parts of the country except for the tundra and the extreme southeast. Mountains in the south obstruct the flow of warm air masses from the Indian Ocean, while the plain of the west and north makes the country open to Arctic and Atlantic influences.<ref name="congress">{{cite web|title=Climate|publisher=Library of Congress|url=http://countrystudies.us/russia/24.htm|accessdate=December 26, 2007}}</ref>
 
   
  +
Xander returned to the Scooby Gang, which had expanded into a worldwide organization, and took on a Watcher-like role leading various Slayer squads from the central command base in Scotland via computer screens and earpieces.<ref name="LongWayHome1">"[[The Long Way Home, Part One]]"</ref> Xander became a confidante to Dawn after she was turned into a giant by her [[Thricewise]] ex-boyfriend [[Ken (Thricewise)|Kenny]]; she admitted to only Xander that Kenny cursed her because she slept with his roommate [[Nick]]. Xander also began a flirtatious relationship with a Slayer named [[Renee]], eventually asking her out on a date.
Most of Northern European Russia and Siberia has a [[subarctic climate]], with extremely severe winters in the inner regions of Northeast Siberia (mostly the [[Sakha Republic]], where the Northern [[Pole of Cold]] is located with the record low temperature of {{convert|−71.2|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}), and more moderate winters elsewhere. Both the strip of land along the shore of the Arctic Ocean and the [[Russian Arctic islands]] have a [[polar climate]].
 
   
  +
[[File:B8-02-00b.jpg|thumb|Xander leads the Slayer Organizations beside Buffy.|200x200px]]
The coastal part of [[Krasnodar Krai]] on the Black Sea, most notably in [[Sochi]], possesses a [[humid subtropical climate]] with mild and wet winters. In many regions of East Siberia and the Far East, winter is dry compared to summer; other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. Winter precipitation in most parts of the country usually falls as snow. The region along the Lower Volga and Caspian Sea coast, as well as some areas of southernmost Siberia, possesses a [[semi-arid climate]].
 
{{Weather box
 
|location = Russia (records)
 
|collapsed =
 
|metric first = Y
 
|single line = Y
 
|Jan record high C = 22.2
 
|Feb record high C = 23.8
 
|Mar record high C = 30.3
 
|Apr record high C = 34.0
 
|May record high C = 37.7
 
|Jun record high C = 43.2
 
|Jul record high C = 45.4
 
|Aug record high C = 43.5
 
|Sep record high C = 41.5
 
|Oct record high C = 33.7
 
|Nov record high C = 29.1
 
|Dec record high C = 25.0
 
|year record high C = 45.4
 
|Jan record low C = −71.2
 
|Feb record low C = −67.8
 
|Mar record low C = −60.6
 
|Apr record low C = −57.2
 
|May record low C = −34.2
 
|Jun record low C = −9.7
 
|Jul record low C = −9.3
 
|Aug record low C = −17.1
 
|Sep record low C = −25.3
 
|Oct record low C = −48.7
 
|Nov record low C = −58.5
 
|Dec record low C = −64.5
 
|year record low C = −71.2
 
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="climate monitor">{{cite web |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php |title=Pogoda.ru.net |accessdate=September 8, 2010 |language=Russian language}}</ref><sup>January record low:"</sup><ref>{{cite web|title=weather record for Russia|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2266374/Oymyakon-coldest-village-earth-Temperatures-drop-71-2C-locals-wear-glasses-freeze-faces-school-shuts-falls-52C.html|website=dailymail.co.uk|accessdate=15 June 2017}}</ref><sup>February, April, May, October, December record low:</sup><ref>{{cite web|title=Pogoda.ru.net Climate VERKHOYANSK|url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/24266.htm|accessdate=May 9, 2017}}</ref>
 
|date=August 2010
 
}}
 
   
  +
When the Scoobies came under attack from Japanese vampires with unusual powers, Xander reluctantly recruited his former master Dracula as an ally to help bring them down.<ref name="WolvesAtTheGate1">''[[Wolves at the Gate, Part One]]''</ref> In Tokyo, the Slayers confronted the vampires, and Renee was brutally killed by the leader, [[Toru]].<ref name="WolvesAtTheGate3">"[[Wolves at the Gate, Part Three]]"</ref> Dracula protected a grief-stricken Xander during the battle and fought Toru, but handed the killing blow over to Xander, who beheaded him. Afterward, Xander scattered Renee's ashes and told Dracula that he would no longer be the vampire's manservant.<ref name="WolvesAtTheGate4">''[[Wolves at the Gate, Part Four]]''</ref>
Throughout much of the territory there are only two distinct seasons—winter and summer—as spring and autumn are usually brief periods of change between extremely low and extremely high temperatures.<ref name="congress" /> The coldest month is January (February on the coastline); the warmest is usually July. Great ranges of temperature are typical. In winter, temperatures get colder both from south to north and from west to east. Summers can be quite hot, even in Siberia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Drozdov |first1=V. A. |title=Ecological and Geographical Characteristics of the Coastal Zone of the Black Sea |journal=GeoJournal |year=1992 |doi=10.1007/BF00717701 |volume=27 |page=169 |issue=2 |last2=Glezer |first2=O. B. |last3=Nefedova |first3=T. G. |last4=Shabdurasulov |first4=I. V.}}</ref> The continental interiors are the driest areas.
 
   
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Dawn's bizarre mystical transformations continued when she turned into a centaur; Xander assured her she looked "awesome" as a centaur and even rode her to safety when their Scotland base came under attack from the [[Twilight Group]]. When she was finally released from her transformation curse by Kenny, she and Xander realized they had developed romantic feelings for one another and began a relationship in private. This relationship was eventually discovered by a devastated Buffy, who admitted that she too was now attracted to Xander.<ref name="Retreat">''[[Retreat]]''</ref> Buffy tried to explain her feelings to Xander, but he gently dismissed them as her need for connection and informed her that he was in love with her sister.<ref name="Turbulence">''[[Turbulence]]''</ref>
===Biodiversity===
 
{{Main article|List of ecoregions in Russia|List of mammals of Russia|List of birds of Russia|List of freshwater fish of Russia|Wildlife of Russia}}
 
[[File:Medved mzoo.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[brown bear]] is a [[Russian Bear|popular symbol of Russia]], particularly in the West.]]
 
   
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[[File:B8-27-00b.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Xander and Dawn get closer while caught up in a war.|left]]
From north to south the [[East European Plain]], also known as Russian Plain, is clad sequentially in Arctic [[tundra]], coniferous forest ([[taiga]]), [[mixed and broad-leaf forests]], grassland ([[steppe]]), and semi-desert (fringing the Caspian Sea), as the changes in vegetation reflect the changes in climate. Siberia supports a similar sequence but is largely taiga. Russia has the world's largest [[forest reserves]],<ref name="fao.org" /> known as "the lungs of Europe",<ref>{{Cite news|author=Walsh, N. P.|title =It's Europe's lungs and home to many rare species. But to Russia it's £100bn of wood|publisher=Guardian (UK)|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/19/environment.russia|accessdate=December 26, 2007|location=London|date=September 19, 2003}}</ref> second only to the [[Amazon Rainforest]] in the amount of [[carbon dioxide]] it absorbs.
 
   
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When the apocalypse, known as [[Twilight]], threatened the existence of the entire universe, Xander suggested to Dawn that if they survived, the pair of them get an apartment together and live a normal life. Dawn was later injured by a demon inside the crater that was once Sunnydale; Xander carried her to safety and accepted medical help from their enemy, [[the General]]. The General observed that Xander and Dawn were ordinary people caught up in a magical war that wasn't theirs, leading Xander to believe they wouldn't survive. After she and Xander witnessed Giles die, Buffy finally defeated Twilight by smashing the [[Seed of Wonder]] but severed Earth's connection to magic in the process.
There are 266 mammal species and 780 bird species in Russia. A total of 415 animal species have been included in the [[Red Data Book of the Russian Federation]] as of 1997 and are now protected.<ref>{{cite web|author=I. A. Merzliakova |url=http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/russia/state/00440.htm |title=List of animals of the Red Data Book of Russian Federation |publisher=UNEP/GRID–Arendal |date=November 1, 1997 |accessdate=April 27, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428185844/http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/russia/state/00440.htm |archivedate=April 28, 2016}}</ref> There are 28 UNESCO [[World Heritage Sites in Russia]],<ref>{{cite web|last=The World Heritage List—UNESCO|title=Russian Federation|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ru|accessdate=July 26, 2017}}</ref> 40 UNESCO [[biosphere reserve]]s,<ref>{{cite web|last=The World Network of Biosphere Reserves—UNESCO|title=Russian Federation|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/|accessdate=December 26, 2007}}</ref> 41 [[National parks of Russia|national parks]] and 101 [[Zapovednik|nature reserves]].
 
   
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As a dazed Angel awoke from his possession, completely ignorant of his killing of Giles, Xander flew into a murderous rage. He violently assaulted him and punched him multiple times, too far gone into irrational fury to listen to Angel's vain explanations of being taken over by Twilight. Xander grabbed the scythe and prepared to stake him, permanently ending his existence. However, Buffy quickly intervened and prevented him from killing Angel much to his indignation. As a tearful Buffy pleaded to him that she didn't want to lose anyone else especially Xander himself by crossing a line, he backed down and relented. As the feeling of despair and loss overcame them, they both gazed sadly at Giles' dead body.<ref name="TW">"[[The Watcher]]"</ref>
==Economy==
 
{{Main article|Economy of Russia|Timeline of largest projects in the Russian economy}}
 
[[File:Moscow Business Center Sep2017.jpg|thumb|right|[[Moscow International Business Center]]]]
 
Russia has an upper-middle income [[mixed economy]]<ref name="https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org">[https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups], ''[[World Bank]]''</ref> with enormous natural resources, particularly [[Russian oil industry|oil]] and natural gas. It has the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|12th largest]] economy in the world by nominal GDP and the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|6th largest]] by [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP). Since the turn of the 21st century, higher domestic consumption and greater political stability have bolstered economic growth in Russia. The country ended 2008 with its ninth straight year of growth, but growth has slowed with the decline in the price of oil and gas. Real GDP per capita, PPP (current international) was 19,840 in 2010.<ref name="wdi">{{cite web |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/|title=World Development Indicators |author=World Bank |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=August 6, 2011}}</ref> Growth was primarily driven by non-traded services and goods for the domestic market, as opposed to oil or mineral extraction and exports.<ref name="cia" /> The average nominal salary in Russia was $967 per month in early 2013, up from $80 in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russians weigh an enigma with Putin's protégé|publisher=MSNBC|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24443419/|accessdate=May 9, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/markadomanis/2012/09/10/what-is-the-russian-middle-class-probably-not-what-you-think/|title=What is the Russian Middle Class? Probably Not What You Think|author=Mark Adomanis|work=Forbes|date=October 9, 2012|accessdate=April 27, 2015}}</ref> In May 2016 the average nominal monthly wages fell below $450 per month,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/business/2016/05/20/the-average-salary-in-russia-is-now-lower-than-in-china-and-poland_594893|title=The average salary in Russia is now lower than in China and Poland|publisher=rbth}}</ref> and tax on the income of individuals is payable at the rate of 13% on most incomes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voxeu.org/article/effects-russia-s-flat-tax |title=Lessons from the Russia's 2001 Flat Tax Reform |publisher=Voxeu.org |date= |accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Approximately 19.2 million of Russians lived [[Poverty by country|below the national poverty line]] in 2016,<ref>{{cite news|work=The Wall Street Journal|title=Number of Russians Living in Poverty Rises|url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/number-of-russians-living-in-poverty-rises-1458581478|date=March 21, 2016}}</ref> significantly up from 16.1 million in 2015.<ref name="worldbank" /> Unemployment in Russia was 5.4% in 2014, down from about 12.4% in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=RIA Novosti|title=Russia's unemployment rate down 10% in 2007&nbsp;– report|url=http://sputniknews.com/russia/20080208/98724898.html|accessdate=May 9, 2008}}</ref> Officially, about 20–25% of the Russian population is categorized as middle class; however some economists and sociologists think this figure is inflated and the real fraction is about 7%.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=insor-russia.ru|title=7 percent of the Russian population is categorized as middle class|url=http://www.insor-russia.ru/ru/news/about_insor/377|accessdate=June 3, 2017}}</ref> After the United States, the European Union and other countries imposed [[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis|economic sanctions]] after the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]] and a collapse in oil prices, the proportion of middle-class could decrease drastically.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-23/putin-s-miracle-dissolves-as-russian-middle-class-faces-crunch|title=Putin’s Miracle Dissolves as Russian Middle Class Faces Crunch|first1=Henry|last1=Meyer|first2=|last2=Anna|first3=|last3=rianova|date=April 23, 2015|publisher=|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>
 
   
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===World without magic===
[[File:GDP of Russia since 1989.svg|thumb|right|Russia's GDP by purchasing power parity (PPP) since 1989 (in [[international dollars]] adjusted for both purchasing power and inflation at 2013 prices).]]
 
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[[File:B9-16-00b.jpg|thumb|Xander and Dawn live together in San Francisco.|200x200px]]
Oil, natural gas, metals, and timber account for more than 80% of Russian exports abroad.<ref name="cia" /> Since 2003, the exports of natural resources started decreasing in economic importance as the internal market strengthened considerably. {{As of | 2012}} the oil-and-gas sector accounted for 16% of [[GDP]], 52% of federal budget revenues and over 80% of total exports.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/3.15|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20141022042737/http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/3.15|archivedate= 2014-10-22 |title= World Development Indicators: Contribution of natural resources to gross domestic product |publisher= [[World Bank]] |accessdate= 21 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="EIA">{{cite web|url= http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=RS|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140324135804/http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=rs|archivedate= 2014-03-24 |title= Russia – Analysis |publisher= [[U.S. Energy Information Administration|EIA]] |date= 12 March 2014|accessdate= 21 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Russia fixed asset investment to reach $370 bln by 2010–Kudrin|publisher=RIA Novosti|url=http://sputniknews.com/business/20070921/80301609.html|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref> Oil export earnings allowed Russia to increase its foreign reserves from $12&nbsp;billion in 1999 to $597.3&nbsp;billion on August 1, 2008. As of April 2017, foreign reserves in Russia fell to 332 USD Billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbr.ru/eng/hd_base/default.aspx?Prtid=mrrf_m|publisher=cbr.ru|accessdate=June 3, 2017}}</ref> The macroeconomic policy under Finance Minister [[Alexei Kudrin]] was prudent and sound, with excess income being stored in the [[Stabilization Fund of Russia]].<ref name="euromoney">{{cite news|url=http://www.euromoney.com/Article/2683869/Kudrin-and-Fischer-honoured-by-Euromoney-at-IMFWorld.html|title=Kudrin and Fischer honoured by Euromoney and IMF/World Bank meetings in Washington|publisher=Euromoney|accessdate=March 4, 2011}}</ref> In 2006, Russia repaid most of its formerly massive debts,<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia's foreign debt down 31.3% in Q3—finance ministry|publisher=RIA Novosti|url=http://sputniknews.com/russia/20061031/55272320.html|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref> leaving it with [[Foreign debt by country|one of the lowest foreign debts among major economies]].<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html Debt – external], [[CIA World Factbook]]. Retrieved May 22, 2010.</ref> The Stabilization Fund helped Russia to come out of the [[Late-2000s recession|global financial crisis]] in a much better state than many experts had expected.<ref name="euromoney" />
 
   
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With magic cut off from the world, the Slayer organization disbanded and the Scoobies returned to relatively normal lives. As they had planned, Xander and Dawn moved into an apartment together in [[San Francisco]], with Xander resuming his career in construction. As time passed by, Xander struggled with his retirement into normalcy for the most part. He helped Buffy who was earlier caught by the cops<ref>''[[Freefall, Part Two]]''</ref> and briefly came out of retirement to help [[Robert Dowling]] against the [[zompire]] version of his partner [[Miranda Cheung]], giving the policemen advice by referring to the first vampire he staked, his friend Jesse.<ref>''[[Apart (of Me), Part Two]]''</ref> Xander spent time with Buffy at his house, rekindling their friendship that was previously somewhat distant during most of the year. He had even playfully, along with Dawn, teased her about the cop Dowling and over whether or not she liked him.<ref name="ReferenceA">''[[Welcome to the Team, Part One]]''</ref>
A simpler, more streamlined tax code adopted in 2001 reduced the tax burden on people and dramatically increased state revenue.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Tavernise, S. |title=Russia Imposes Flat Tax on Income, and Its Coffers Swell |work=The New York Times |date=March 23, 2002 |url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E0DC163BF930A15750C0A9649C8B63 |accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref> Russia has a [[flat tax]] rate of 13%. This ranks it as the country with the second most attractive personal tax system for single managers in the world after the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global personal taxation comparison survey–market rankings|publisher=Mercer (consulting firms)|url=http://www.mercer.com.au/pressrelease/details.htm?idContent=1287670|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}{{cbignore}}</ref> According to [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], Russia is considered well ahead of most other resource-rich countries in its economic development, with a long tradition of education, science, and industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia: How Long Can The Fun Last?|work=BusinessWeek |url=http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/dec2006/gb20061207_520461_page_2.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213231938/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/dec2006/gb20061207_520461_page_2.htm |archivedate=December 13, 2006|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref> The country has a higher proportion of higher education graduates than any other country in Eurasia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/22/countries-with-the-most-c_n_655393.html#s117395&title=Switzerland_313 |title=Countries with the MOST College Graduates (PHOTOS) |work=Huffington Post |date= July 22, 2010|accessdate=December 7, 2011 |first=Leah |last=Finnegan}}</ref>
 
   
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However, this moment of peace and enjoyment was soon broken. Dawn's health continued to deteriorate, much to his distress. Eventually, his girlfriend suddenly passed out. Immediately, Xander transported her to the hospital to have her treated. Much to his confusion, the doctor claimed she fell into a coma but he could see nothing wrong with her at all. Soon after, Buffy, Andrew, and [[Illyria]] finally arrive. It didn't take very long to figure out what was wrong with her. Xander and Buffy were horrified to realize the [[end of magic]] was the cause of this, Illyria elaborating by the shocking truth of Dawn's essence fading away because of her former status as [[The Key]]. In other words, she was on the way to her death and nothing could stop it.
[[File:Russia and China sign major gas deal.jpeg|thumb|On May 21, 2014, Russia and [[China]] signed a $400 billion gas deal. Starting 2019 Russia plans to provide [[natural gas]] to China for the next 30 years.]]
 
The economic development of the country has been uneven geographically with the Moscow region contributing a [[List of Russian federal subjects by GRP|very large share]] of the country's GDP.<ref>[http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/b01_19/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d000/vrp98-07.htm GRP by federal subjects of Russia, 1998–2007] {{ru icon}}</ref>
 
Inequality of household income and wealth has also been noted, with Credit Suisse finding Russian wealth distribution so much more extreme than other countries studied it "deserves to be placed in a separate category."<ref name="pbs">{{cite web|title=Inequality and the Putin Economy: Inside the Numbers|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/foreign-affairs-defense/putins-way/inequality-and-the-putin-economy-inside-the-numbers/ |website=pbs.org |publisher=Frontline |accessdate=January 14, 2015}}</ref><ref name="CSRIGWR">{{cite web|title=Global Wealth Report 2014|url=https://publications.credit-suisse.com/tasks/render/file/?fileID=60931FDE-A2D2-F568-B041B58C5EA591A4|publisher=Credit Suisse. Research Institute|accessdate=January 14, 2015}}</ref>
 
Another problem is modernisation of infrastructure, ageing and inadequate after years of being neglected in the 1990s; the government has said $1&nbsp;trillion will be invested in development of infrastructure by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sputniknews.com/russia/20070920/80058850.html|publisher=RIA Novosti|accessdate=July 31, 2008|title=Russia to invest $1&nbsp;trillion in infrastructure by 2020&nbsp;– ministry}}</ref> In December 2011, Russia finally{{clarify|reason=Why "finally"?|date=December 2014}} joined the World Trade Organisation, allowing it a greater access to overseas markets. Some analysts estimate that WTO membership could bring the Russian economy a bounce of up to 3% annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2011/12/16/russia-finally-joins-wto/#axzz1u6TcNKZX |title=Russia finally joins WTO |publisher=Financial Times |date=December 16, 2011 |accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Russia ranks as the second-most corrupt country in Europe (after Ukraine), according to the [[Corruption Perceptions Index]]. The Norwegian-Russian Chamber of Commerce also states that "[c]orruption is one of the biggest problems both Russian and international companies have to deal with".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrcc.no/rusbedin/database_doingbusiness.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918143400/http://www.nrcc.no/rusbedin/database_doingbusiness.html|archivedate=September 18, 2007 |title=Doing business in Russia |publisher=Norwegian-Russian Chamber of Commerce |date=June 10, 2012 |accessdate=June 10, 2012}}</ref> [[Corruption in Russia]] is perceived as a significant problem<ref name="CPI2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|accessdate=2015-12-04}}</ref> impacting all aspects of life, including [[Government of Russia|public administration]],<ref name="Suhara" /><ref>{{Cite web|title = Russia lost 4 billion dollars on unfavorable state procurement contracts in the last year|url = https://meduza.io/en/news/2015/12/07/russia-lost-4-billion-dollars-on-unfavorable-state-procurement-contracts-in-the-last-year|website = Meduza|accessdate = 2015-12-07|language = en-US}}</ref> [[Law enforcement in Russia|law enforcement]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.economist.com/node/15731344 | title=Cops for hire | publisher=Economist | date=2010 | accessdate=2015-12-04}}</ref> [[Healthcare in Russia|healthcare]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iza.org/conference_files/worldb2010/zelenska_t5300.pdf | title=Corruption in Russian Health Care: The Determinants and Incidence of Bribery | date=2010 | accessdate=2015-12-04 |author1=Klara Sabirianova Peter |author2=Tetyana Zelenska}}</ref> and [[Education in Russia|education]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ethics.harvard.edu/blog/corruption-universities-common-disease-russia-and-ukraine | title=Corruption at Universities is a Common Disease for Russia and Ukraine | publisher=Harvard University | date=2014 | accessdate=2015-12-04 |author1=Elena Denisova-Schmidt |author2=Elvira Leontyeva |author3=Yaroslav Prytula}}</ref> The phenomenon of corruption is strongly established in the historical model of public governance in Russia and attributed to general weakness of [[rule of law]] in Russia.<ref name="Suhara">{{cite web | url=https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/03september/pdf/M_Suhara.pdf | title=Corruption in Russia: A Historical Perspective | accessdate=2015-12-04 | author=Suhara, Manabu | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192618/https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/03september/pdf/M_Suhara.pdf | archivedate=March 4, 2016 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> According to 2016 results of [[Corruption Perceptions Index|Corruption Perception Index]] of [[Transparency International]], Russia ranked 131th place out of 176 countries with score 29.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2016|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2016|last=e.V.|first=Transparency International|work=www.transparency.org|access-date=2017-03-24}}</ref>
 
   
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Later, at Andrew's apartment, Buffy followed him out on the balcony to comfort him over what was happening. Unfortunately for her, Xander's patience with her had broken entirely by that point. Fed up with everything, he let out all of his hidden resentment and anger towards his friend. He blamed Buffy for Dawn's condition, and she defended herself saying that the destruction of the Seed was the only choice she had. He proceeded to say she's to blame because she had sex with Angel and created Twilight in the first place. Still not willing to hear her excuses or explanations, she reminded him that Dawn was her sister and she wouldn't give up on her.<ref name="TW" />After her failed attempts to get help, Buffy once again attempted to persuade him that, to save Dawn, they had to work together. Xander was still furious and unforgiving with her, to the point he refused to talk to her directly. As Andrew "translated" for him, when she reiterated that Dawn's life being threatened was not her fault, Xander angrily stormed out of the apartment, sick of Buffy's indifference.
There are many different estimates of the actual cost of corruption.<ref name="ararat.osipian">{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/araratosipian/|title=ararat.osipian|website=sites.google.com}}</ref> According to official government statistics from Rosstat, the "shadow economy" occupied only 15% of Russia's GDP in 2011, and this included unreported salaries (to avoid taxes and social payments) and other types of tax evasion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://interfax.ru/txt.asp?id=242603&sec=1476&sw=%F0%E0%E7%EC%E5%F0+%F2%E5%ED%E5%E2%EE%E9+%FD%EA%E |title=Доля теневой экономики в РФ снизилась почти до 15%, таблицы "затраты-выпуск"... – Пресс-центр – Интерфакс |publisher=Interfax.ru |date= |accessdate=2014-07-14}}</ref> According to Rosstat's estimates, corruption in 2011 amounted to only 3.5 to 7% of GDP. In comparison, some independent experts maintain that corruption consumes as much of 25% of Russia's GDP.<ref>Source: Milov, Nemtsov, Ryzhkov, Shorina (2011). "Putin. Corruption. Independent expert report", p. 6.</ref> A World Bank report puts this figure at 48%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsland.ru/news/detail/id/580475/ |title=Коррупция в России как система "распилки" ВВП – новость из рубрики Общество, актуальная информация, обсуждение новости, дискуссии на Newsland |publisher=Newsland.ru |date= |accessdate=2014-07-14}}</ref> There is also an interesting shift in the main focus of bribery: whereas previously officials took bribes to shut their eyes to legal infractions, they now take them simply to perform their duties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ria.ru/economy/20110201/329132334.html |title=Средний размер взятки в России в 2010 году вырос с 27 до 47 тысяч руб &#124; РИА Новости |publisher=Ria.ru |date= |accessdate=2014-07-14}}</ref> Many experts admit that in recent years corruption in Russia has become a business. In the 1990s, businessmen had to pay different criminal groups to provide a "''krysha''" (literally, a "roof", i.e., protection). Nowadays, this "protective" function is performed by officials. Corrupt hierarchies characterize different sectors of the economy,<ref name="ararat.osipian" /> including education.<ref name="ararat.osipian" />
 
   
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[[File:Dawn_welcome_to_team_part1.jpg|thumb|left|200x200px|While living in San Francisco, Dawn grows very ill.]]
In the end, the Russian population pays for this corruption.<ref name="ararat.osipian" /> For example, some experts believe that the rapid increases in tariffs for housing, water, gas and electricity, which significantly outpace the rate of inflation, are a direct result of high volumes of corruption at the highest levels.<ref>Milov et al., Op. cit., 2011, p. 6.</ref> In the recent years the reaction to corruption has changed: starting from Putin's second term, very few corruption cases have been the subject of outrage. Putin's system is remarkable for its ubiquitous and open merging of the civil service and business, as well as its use of relatives, friends, and acquaintances to benefit from budgetary expenditures and take over state property. Corporate, property, and land raiding is commonplace.<ref name="ararat.osipian" />
 
   
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He reflected on how all he had done was "watch" the people he loved constantly dying in front of him, never being able to do anything to help. Xander struggled with his sense of helplessness as he saw Dawn fading out of a photograph he was carrying, remembering that he had stayed out of supernatural affairs to keep her safe. Suddenly, he was teleported to the location of [[Severin]] and [[Simone Doffler]]. Immediately on the defensive, he was about to attack Simone until she pulled out a gun. Simone and Severin express an awareness of what was happening to Dawn. Severin began to manipulate Xander to help them and in return, they will help him save her. He told him that he wanted to save his own deceased girlfriend he had to kill because of the end of magic and that, thanks to Illyria's powers, he could prevent Twilight from ever happening, in doing so prevent Giles' death, save Dawn, and all the other ill effects the destruction of the seed caused. In a moment of weakness, Xander asked him what it was he had to do. Severin explained all he needed him to do was steal the ''[[Vampyr]] ''book and that was it. Xander became suspicious and uncertain, questioning if they intended to kill Buffy. He assured him he didn't and all he wanted was the book.
On March 26, 2017, protests against alleged corruption in the federal Russian government took place simultaneously in many cities across the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/russian-police-arrest-protesters-at-nationwide-anti-corruption-rallies/2017/03/26/11208e46-10a1-11e7-aa57-2ca1b05c41b8_story.html?tid=a_inl|title=Russian police arrest anti-corruption leader Navalny, hundreds more in nationwide rallies|access-date=2017-06-04}}</ref> They were triggered by the lack of proper response from the Russian authorities to the published investigative film ''[[He Is Not Dimon To You]]'', which has garnered more than 20 million views on YouTube. A new wave of mass protests has been announced for June 12, 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/02/world/europe/russia-dmitri-medvedev-aleksei-navalny.html|title=Kremlin Critic Says Russian Premier, Dmitri Medvedev, Built Property Empire on Graft|access-date=2017-06-04}}</ref>
 
   
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Despite his uncertainty and great reluctance to betray Buffy, Xander was heavily tempted by the prospect of reversing [[Twilight]] and saving Dawn's life. Having reached his limit in the constant level of uselessness he had been feeling for years, Xander made the crucial decision to side with Simone and Severin and ultimately betray Buffy's trust as a result.<ref name="TW" /> Having had Simone beat him up to make it seem like he rejected their proposition, Xander was teleported on the street where Buffy happened to be.
[[File:Lada 2107 aka Lada Riva October 1995 1452cc.jpg|thumb|left|Over two million [[VAZ-2105]]s were produced from 1980 to 2010.]]
 
[[File:Lada Vesta Concept.JPG|left|thumb|A [[Lada Vesta]]. [[Lada]] is the brand of [[AvtoVAZ]], the largest Russian car manufacturer.]]
 
The Russian central bank announced plans in 2013 to free float the Russian ruble in 2015. According to a stress test conducted by the central bank Russian financial system would be able to handle a currency decline of 25%–30% without major central bank interference. However, the Russian economy began stagnating in late 2013 and in combination with the [[War in Donbass]] is in danger of entering stagflation, slow growth and high inflation. The recent decline in the Russian ruble has increased the costs for Russian companies to make interest payments on debt issued in U.S. dollar or other foreign currencies that have strengthened against the ruble; thus it costs Russian companies more of their ruble-denominated revenue to repay their debt holders in dollars or other foreign currencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/10/russia-rouble-debt-idUSL6N0T02OR20141110|title=Falling rouble creates debt payment headache for Russian companies|author=Sujata Rao|date=10 November 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|work=Reuters}}</ref> As of March 2016, the ruble was devalued more than 50 percent since July 2014.<ref name="Nasdaq Mar2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasdaq.com/article/bank-of-russia-keeps-rates-on-hold-20160318-00172|title=Today's Stock Market News and Analysis from Nasdaq.com|website=NASDAQ.com}}</ref> Moreover, after bringing inflation down to 3.6% in 2012, the lowest rate since gaining independence from the Soviet Union, inflation in Russia jumped to nearly 7.5% in 2014, causing the central bank to increase its lending rate to 8% from 5.5% in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304419104579326441407494108|publisher=Wall Street Journal|title=Russia Ready to Float Ruble Next Year Regardless of Rate|date=January 17, 2014|first=Andrey|last=Ostroukh}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-central-bank-raises-key-interest-rate-to-8-from-7-5-1406284743|publisher=Wall Street Journal|title=Russian Central Bank Raises Key Interest Rate to 8% From 7.5%
 
|date=July 25, 2014|first=Olga|last=Razumovskaya}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/USDRUB:CUR|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|title=USD/RUB exchange rate}}</ref> In an October 2014 article in ''Bloomberg Business Week'', it was reported that Russia had significantly started shifting its economy towards China in response to increasing financial tensions following its annexation of Crimea and subsequent Western economic sanctions.<ref>"China Embraces Russia", Bloomberg Business Week, October 9, 2014, pp 15–16.</ref>
 
   
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Despite his intentions, he had told her the truth about what they had wanted with him. He was clearly angered and annoyed when she has assumed he would betray her to stop Twilight from happening for a minute, though claimed that he did remember Buffy's sacrifice for Dawn's life and that he could not betray her with that knowledge. Xander continued to feed her information about Severin and their interest in the ''Vampyr ''book. Eventually, when Willow managed to make Dawn conscious and they formed a plan to go to the [[Deeper Well]] in [[England]] to charge her up, he had been persistent in going. His girlfriend had begged him to stay with her and that they didn't need his help, but Xander explained they could not save her and only he could when his plan was going into motion so therefore he had to go.
===Agriculture===
 
{{Main article|Agriculture in Russia|Fishing industry in Russia}}
 
[[File:Ivan Shishkin - Рожь - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''Rye Fields'', by [[Ivan Shishkin]]. Russia is the world's top producer of [[barley]], [[buckwheat]] and [[oats]], and one of the largest producers and exporters of [[rye]], [[sunflower seed]] and [[wheat]].]]
 
Russia's [[total area of cultivated land]] is estimated at {{convert|1237294|km2}}, the fourth largest in the world.<ref>"[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2097.html Land Use]", [[CIA World Factbook]]</ref> From 1999 to 2009, Russia's agriculture grew steadily,<ref>[http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b09_02/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d010/1-03.doc Data] by [[Rosstat]] {{ru icon}}</ref> and the country turned from a grain importer to the third largest grain exporter after the EU and the United States.<ref>[https://archive.is/20120108052630/http://www.rosbankjournal.ru/news/11588 Russia takes the third place in the world by grain exports], rosbankjournal.ru {{ru icon}}</ref> The production of meat has grown from 6,813,000 tonnes in 1999 to 9,331,000 tonnes in 2008, and continues to grow.<ref>[http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b09_02/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d010/1-04.doc Data] by [[Rosstat]] {{ru icon}}</ref>
 
   
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[[File:The_core_comic_xander_buffy.jpg|thumb|Buffy and Xander.|200x200px]]
This restoration of agriculture was supported by a credit policy of the government, helping both individual farmers and large privatized corporate farms that once were Soviet [[kolkhoz]]es and which still own the significant share of agricultural land.<ref>"[http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b09_38/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d01/04-01.htm Agricultural land by type of owners]", [[Rosstat]], 2009 {{ru icon}}</ref> While large farms concentrate mainly on grain production and [[husbandry]] products, small private [[household plot]]s produce most of the country's potatoes, vegetables and fruits.<ref>[http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b09_38/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d01/02-28.htm Main agricultural products by type of owners] [[Rosstat]], 2009 {{ru icon}}</ref>
 
   
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Reaching the Deeper Well with the other Scoobies, Severin and Simone were seen to be aware of what Buffy's plans were as Xander had already told them. Along with Buffy and Willow, the three stood up against Illyria's mystical council.<ref name="The Core, Part One">''[[The Core, Part One]]''</ref> While Buffy and Willow fought against the council demons, Xander stood on the sidelines, texting Simone and Severin information. They were insisting they needed him to buy more time. Before Xander could think of something, he was attacked by a powerful demon. Buffy and the others quickly came to his rescue. As Buffy and Willow came up with a plan to move forward, Xander protested, arguing that they would die if they did. When they still did not change their minds, Xander panicked. Unable to watch his friends run blindly in an unnecessary battle, Xander spilled everything he had done with Severin and Simone to reverse Twilight and save Dawn. Buffy was the most affected his betrayal, angry and hurt. Everyone reaching a unanimous vote that it was Xander's fault, the group steeled themselves to stop Severin since what he was doing would create tears in the reality and end the world.<ref name="The Core, Part Two">''[[The Core, Part Two]]''</ref>
Since Russia borders three oceans (the Atlantic, Arctic, and Pacific), Russian fishing fleets are a major [[Fishing industry by country|world fish supplier]]. Russia captured 3,191,068 tons of fish in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|last=Brown |first=Felicity |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/datablog/2009/sep/02/fish-capture-country |title=Fish capture by country since 1950 |publisher=Guardian |date=September 2, 2009 |accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Both exports and imports of fish and sea products grew significantly in recent years, reaching $2,415 and $2,036 million, respectively, in 2008.<ref>"[http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b09_13/IssWWW.exe/Stg/html4/15-07.htm Exports and imports of fish and sea products]", [[Rosstat]], 2009 {{ru icon}}</ref>
 
   
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While Buffy and Willow journeyed deeper into the Well, Xander was left on the sidelines since his friends no longer trusted him. Just then, he received a phone call. Xander answered the phone angrily, only to be surprised to realize that it was Spike who called him. While semi-snarking with each other, Spike informed him that Simone's secret plan all along was to form an army of slayer-turned-[[zompire]]s (or as Xander called them, "[[slaypire]]s") to rise up against Buffy and everyone else. When Spike told him of Dawn's form starting to disappear as well as his own memories of her beginning to go, Xander ordered the vampire to put her on the phone. Dawn expressed her confusion and fear of her condition, while Xander tried to comfort her and told her that whatever happened, she would always be in his heart.
Sprawling from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, Russia has more than a fifth of the world's forests, which makes it the largest forest country in the world.<ref name="fao.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1757e/i1757e.pdf|title=FAO. 2010. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010. Main Report. FAO Forestry Working Paper 163, Rome, Italy|format=PDF|date= |accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref><ref name="FAO 2010">{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i1757r/i1757r.pdf|script-title=ru:Глобальная оценка лесных ресурсов 2010 года|trans-title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010|publisher=FAO Forestry Working Paper 163, Rome, Italy|language=ru|date=2010}}</ref> However, according to a 2012 study by the [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] and the Government of the Russian Federation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/157942/icode/ |title=Innovations and investments urged to modernize Russian forest sector www.fao.org |publisher=FAO|date=September 25, 2012 |accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> the considerable potential of Russian forests is underutilized and Russia's share of the global trade in forest products is less than four percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i3020e/i3020e00.pdf|title=The Russian Federation Forest Sector Outlook Study to 2030|publisher=FAO. Rome, Italy|format=PDF|date=2012|accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref>
 
   
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Armed with Spike's information, Xander sought to find Buffy. He quickly found her, only for them to both come across the dead body of renegade slayer Simone near the coffin of an [[Old One]]. He told her of Simone's plan and while Buffy still regarded him with hostility, she chose to believe him. While Buffy attempted to decapitate Simone, she suddenly woke up as a zompire and attacked them both.<ref name="The Core, Part Three">''[[The Core, Part Three]]''</ref>
===Energy===
 
{{Main article|Energy in Russia|Nuclear power in Russia}}
 
[[File:RF NG pipestoEU.gif|thumb|left|Russia is a key [[petroleum|oil]] and [[natural gas|gas]] supplier to much of Europe.]]
 
In recent years, Russia has frequently been described in the media as an [[energy superpower]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gronholt-Pedersen|first1=Jacon|title=Russia, China in Deal On Refinery, Not Gas|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704129204575505373365685564|accessdate=6 October 2017|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=22 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Winfrey|first1=Graham|title=Did A New Pipeline Just Make Russia The Most Important Energy Superpower By Far?|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/why-russia-is-about-to-change-the-world-2010-1|accessdate=6 October 2017|agency=Business Insider|date=6 January 2010}}</ref> The country has the world's largest [[natural gas reserves]],<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2253rank.html Country Comparison :: Natural gas – proved reserves]. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved February 3, 2014.</ref> the 8th largest [[oil reserves]],<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2244rank.html Country Comparison :: Oil – proved reserves]. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved February 3, 2014.</ref> and the second largest [[coal reserves]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2007/STAGING/local_assets/downloads/spreadsheets/statistical_review_full_report_workbook_2007.xls|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206104056/http://bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2007/STAGING/local_assets/downloads/spreadsheets/statistical_review_full_report_workbook_2007.xls|archivedate=February 6, 2009|title=BP Statistical review of world energy June 2007|publisher=BP|format=XLS|date=June 2007|accessdate=October 22, 2007}}</ref> Russia is the world's leading [[natural gas exporter]]<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2251rank.html Country Comparison :: Natural gas – exports]. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved February 3, 2014.</ref> and second largest [[natural gas producer]],<ref name="cia-gas">"[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2249rank.html Country Comparison :: Natural gas – production]", CIA World Factbook. Retrieved February 3, 2014.</ref> while also the largest [[oil exporter]] and the largest [[oil producer]].<ref name="IEA-Oil">{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://omrpublic.iea.org/omrarchive/18jan12sup.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518015934/http://omrpublic.iea.org/omrarchive/18jan12sup.pdf|archivedate=May 18, 2012|title=International Energy Agency – Oil Market Report|date=January 18, 2012|accessdate=February 20, 2012}}</ref>
 
   
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As Buffy's fight raged on with Simone, Xander grew increasingly impatient and tried to attack her many times. He was especially angry when Simone told him she never intended to help him with Dawn. Quickly, she dispatched him and pushed him off a ledge. However, Xander was saved by Willow. Turning his attention back to the fight, Xander was horrified to see an unconscious Buffy held limply by her [[scythe]], Simone having severely overpowered in her moment of distraction.<ref>''[[The Core, Part Four]]''</ref>
Russia is the 3rd largest [[electricity producer]] in the world<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2232rank.html Country Comparison :: Electricity – production]. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved February 3, 2014.</ref> and the 5th largest [[renewable energy producer]], the latter because of the well-developed [[hydroelectricity]] production in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2007/STAGING/local_assets/downloads/spreadsheets/statistical_review_full_report_workbook_2007.xls|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206104056/http://bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2007/STAGING/local_assets/downloads/spreadsheets/statistical_review_full_report_workbook_2007.xls|archivedate=February 6, 2009|title=BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2009: Hydroelectricity consumption|accessdate=October 29, 2010}}</ref> Large cascades of [[hydropower plant]]s are built in European Russia along big rivers like the Volga. The Asian part of Russia also features a number of major hydropower stations; however, the gigantic hydroelectric potential of Siberia and the Russian Far East largely remains unexploited.
 
   
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==Personality==
Russia was the first country to develop civilian nuclear power and to construct the world's [[first nuclear power plant]]. Currently the country is the 4th largest [[nuclear energy producer]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110107102229/http://www.iaea.org/programmes/a2/index.html Nuclear Power Plant Information], [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]. Retrieved June 12, 2006.</ref> with all [[nuclear power in Russia]] being managed by [[Rosatom]] State Corporation. The sector is rapidly developing, with an aim of increasing the total share of nuclear energy from current 16.9% to 23% by 2020. The Russian government plans to allocate 127&nbsp;billion rubles ($5.42&nbsp;billion) to a federal program dedicated to the next generation of nuclear energy technology. About 1&nbsp;trillion rubles ($42.7&nbsp;billion) is to be allocated from the federal budget to nuclear power and industry development before 2015.<ref>[http://www.amur.kp.ru/daily/24458/620649/ Russia builds nuclear power stations all over the world] at amur.kp.ru {{ru icon}}</ref>
 
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{{Quote|Sorry. Joking in the face of death. I do that.|Xander|Retreat}}
   
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[[File:Xander_School_Picture_silly.jpg|thumb|Xander, the cheeky teenager.]]
In May 2014 on a two-day trip to Shanghai, President Putin signed a deal on behalf of Gazprom for the Russian energy giant to [[Yakutia–Khabarovsk–Vladivostok pipeline|supply China]] with 38 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year. Construction of a pipeline to facilitate the deal was agreed whereby Russia would contribute $55bn to the cost, and China $22bn, in what Putin described as "the world's biggest construction project for the next four years." The natural gas would begin to flow sometime between 2018 and 2020 and would continue for 30 years at an ultimate cost to China of $400bn.<ref name="CNPCdeal">{{cite news|title=China and Russia sign $400 billion 30-year gas deal|url=http://www.russiaherald.com/index.php/sid/222206767|accessdate=May 22, 2014|publisher=''Russia Herald''}}</ref>
 
   
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Xander's most notable character trait was his sarcastic, flippant attitude and sardonic views on life. He often joked in serious situations or when someone made what was intended to be a dramatic statement which is usually unnecessary. He frequently quipped about school his family, and his romantic life; in the case of the former two, this appeared to be a cover of his dislike for both. He was scared of failing his friends as well as not making something of himself, as indicated by his dreams when he continually returned to his basement.<ref name="Restless" />
===Transport===
 
{{Main article|Transport in Russia|History of rail transport in Russia|Rail transport in Russia}}
 
[[File:TransSiberianRailwayAtKm9288.jpg|thumb|upright|The marker for kilometre 9288 at the end of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] in [[Vladivostok]]]]
 
Railway transport in Russia is mostly under the control of the state-run [[Russian Railways]] monopoly. The company accounts for over 3.6% of Russia's GDP and handles 39% of the total freight traffic (including pipelines) and more than 42% of passenger traffic.<ref name="rzd">{{cite web|url=http://eng.rzd.ru/isvp/public/rzdeng?STRUCTURE_ID=4|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004034659/http://eng.rzd.ru/isvp/public/rzdeng?STRUCTURE_ID=4|archivedate=October 4, 2009|title=Russian Railways|publisher=Eng.rzd.ru|accessdate=January 2, 2010}}</ref> The total length of common-used railway tracks exceeds {{convert|85500|km|0|abbr=on}},<ref name="rzd" /> second only to the United States. Over {{convert|44000|km|0|abbr=on}} of tracks are [[Railway electrification system|electrified]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://invest.gov.ru/en/government_support/sectors/infrastructure/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426092402/http://invest.gov.ru/en/government_support/sectors/infrastructure/|archivedate=April 26, 2011|title=Invest in Russia–Infrastructure|publisher=Invest.gov.ru|accessdate=April 27, 2010}}</ref> which is the largest number in the world, and additionally there are more than {{convert|30000|km|0|abbr=on}} of industrial non-common carrier lines. Railways in Russia, unlike in the most of the world, use [[broad gauge]] of {{RailGauge|1520mm}}, with the exception of {{convert|957|km|0|abbr=on}} on [[Sakhalin]] island using narrow gauge of {{RailGauge|1067mm}}. The most renowned railway in Russia is [[Trans-Siberian Railway|Trans-Siberian]] (''Transsib''), spanning a record 7 time zones and serving the longest single continuous services in the world, Moscow-[[Vladivostok]] ({{convert|9259|km|0|abbr=on}}), Moscow–[[Pyongyang]] ({{convert|10267|km|0|abbr=on}})<ref>[http://www.poezda.net/en/web CIS railway timetable], route No. 002, Moscow-Pyongyang, August 2009. Note: several different routes have the same number.</ref> and [[Kiev]]–Vladivostok ({{convert|11085|km|0|abbr=on}}).<ref>[http://www.poezda.net/en/web CIS railway timetable], route No. 350, Kiev-Vladivostok, August 2009.</ref>
 
   
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Xander's hidden feelings of being a failure in the eyes of his loved ones and never being able to help them enough continued to build more and more throughout the years. While Dawn was on her way to her death, he bitterly reflected that all he has ever done is "watch". He had never been able to truly save his friends when it really mattered, causing a deep-rooted self-loathing and inferiority complex. This escalated to the point that he had decided to betray Buffy by teaming up with Severin to undo Twilight, unable to sit back and watch anymore if there was a possibility he could do something about it.<ref name="TW" /> Additionally, even after he got over his crush on Buffy, Xander continued to show obvious jealousy of Buffy's boyfriends, the only exception being Riley, with whom he formed a friendship.
{{As of|2006}} Russia had [[Roads by country|933,000&nbsp;km of roads]], of which 755,000 were paved.<ref>[http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b08_11/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d02/18-09.htm Rosstat statistics on length of roads] Retrieved June 10, 2009</ref> Some of these make up the [[Russian federal motorway system]]. With a large land area the road density is the lowest of all the [[G8]] and [[BRIC]] countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iraptranstats.net/rus|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417001324/http://www.iraptranstats.net/rus|archivedate=April 17, 2009|title=Transport in Russia|accessdate=February 17, 2009|work=International Transport Statistics Database|publisher=iRAP}}</ref>
 
   
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Although Xander was often laid-back and easygoing, he could overreact in certain situations and lose his temper. He also had a frequent tendency to quip against his foes with the most ridiculous choice of words, often finding something insulting to say. He was usually comically surprised and angry during one of the rare occasions he could not think of one. Being protective by nature towards his friends, especially Buffy and Willow, Xander was very loyal to friends who he viewed as family. When Willow was kidnapped,<ref name="WhenSheWasBad">"[[When She Was Bad]]"</ref> a furious Xander told Buffy he would kill her if Willow got hurt; after Spike attempted to rape Buffy, Xander remained openly hostile and distrustful of him even after learning that he had regained his soul, certain for some time that Spike would attempt to do so again at the first opportunity. Xander had also nearly staked Angel when he had snapped Giles' neck under the possession of Twilight, stopped only because of Buffy's interference.<ref name="TW" />
Much of Russia's inland waterways, which [[List of countries by waterways length|total {{convert|102000|km|0|abbr=on}}]], are made up of natural rivers or lakes. In the European part of the country the network of channels connects the basins of major rivers. Russia's capital, Moscow, is sometimes called "the port of the five seas", because of its waterway connections to the Baltic, [[White Sea|White]], Caspian, [[Azov Sea|Azov]] and [[Black Sea]]s.
 
   
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He would speak his mind on issues involving his friends and be always willing to stand by and fight for them when necessary. Xander was very forward and brutally blunt when it came to expressing his opinion, never afraid to speak out and tell his friends if they're doing something wrong, making him very opinionated; this has caused him to clash and argue with his friends many times, especially Buffy.
[[File:Yamal 2009.JPG|thumb|left|''[[Yamal (icebreaker)|Yamal]]'', one of Russia's [[nuclear-powered icebreaker]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://englishrussia.com/2008/03/31/russian-atomic-icebreakers/|title=Russian Atomic Icebreakers|publisher=English Russia|date=March 31, 2008|accessdate=April 27, 2015}}</ref>]]
 
Major sea ports of Russia include [[Rostov-on-Don]] on the Azov Sea, [[Novorossiysk]] on the Black Sea, [[Astrakhan]] and [[Makhachkala]] on the Caspian, [[Kaliningrad]] and St Petersburg on the Baltic, [[Arkhangelsk]] on the White Sea, [[Murmansk]] on the Barents Sea, [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]] and [[Vladivostok]] on the Pacific Ocean. In 2008 the country owned 1,448 [[Merchant marine by country|merchant marine]] ships. The world's only fleet of [[nuclear-powered icebreaker]]s advances the economic exploitation of the Arctic [[continental shelf of Russia]] and the development of sea trade through the [[Northern Sea Route]] between Europe and East Asia.
 
   
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[[File:Replacement256.jpg|thumb|Quirky Xander does his Scooby dance for Willow.|left]]
By [[total length of pipelines]] Russia is second only to the United States. Currently many new pipeline projects are being realized, including [[Nord Stream]] and [[South Stream]] natural gas pipelines to Europe, and the [[Eastern Siberia – Pacific Ocean oil pipeline]] (ESPO) to the Russian Far East and China.
 
   
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Despite not being supernatural, Xander became more brave and courageous and was quite useful. Another notable trait of Xander, unlike his best friend Willow, was his tendency to hold grudges. It usually took him a very long time to let things go, especially in the case of murderers. He could be very judgmental and critical of others to an extreme, even if he was no better. Xander always swallows his pride and decide to let it go and trust them. Xander does see the good or best in people whether he trust them or not. He is very loyal to the group. Mostly he usually the straight man to the group.
Russia has 1,216 airports,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2053rank.html |title=CIA The World Factbook–Rank Order–Airports |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=January 19, 2011}}</ref> the busiest being [[Sheremetyevo]], [[Domodedovo International Airport|Domodedovo]], and [[Vnukovo]] in Moscow, and [[Pulkovo Airport|Pulkovo]] in St. Petersburg.
 
   
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Xander is Christian,<ref>"[[Bad Eggs]]"</ref> had a fixation on the Chinese actress Amy Yip,<ref>"[[The Dark Age]]"</ref> and his astrological zodiac sign was Capricorn.<ref>"[[Innocence]]"</ref>
Typically, major Russian cities have well-developed systems of public transport, with the most common varieties of exploited vehicles being bus, [[trolleybus]] and tram. Seven Russian cities, namely [[Moscow Metro|Moscow]], [[Saint Petersburg Metro|Saint Petersburg]], [[Nizhny Novgorod Metro|Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Novosibirsk Metro|Novosibirsk]], [[Samara Metro|Samara]], [[Yekaterinburg Metro|Yekaterinburg]], and [[Kazan Metro|Kazan]], have underground metros, while [[Volgograd]] features a [[Volgograd Metrotram|metrotram]]. The total length of metros in Russia is {{Convert|465.4|km|mi}}. [[Moscow Metro]] and [[Saint Petersburg Metro]] are the oldest in Russia, opened in 1935 and 1955 respectively. These two are among the fastest and [[busiest metro systems]] in the world, and some of them are famous for rich decorations and unique designs of their stations, which is a common tradition in Russian metros and railways.
 
   
===Science and technology===
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==Powers and abilities==
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{{Quote|You're the one who sees everything, aren't you? Well, let's see what we can do about that.|Caleb|Dirty Girls}}
{{Main article|Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records|Science and technology in Russia|List of Russian scientists|List of Russian inventors}}
 
[[File:M.V. Lomonosov by L.Miropolskiy after G.C.Prenner (1787, RAN).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Mikhail Lomonosov]], [[polymath]] scientist, inventor, poet and artist]]
 
[[File:Ivan Pavlov NLM2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Ivan Pavlov]] (1849–1936), physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate in 1904]]
 
<!--tag for image of Mikhail Lomonosov is located at end of previous section, raising image to relieve clutter below-->
 
Science and technology in Russia blossomed since the [[Age of Enlightenment]], when [[Peter the Great]] founded the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] and [[Saint Petersburg State University]], and [[polymath]] [[Mikhail Lomonosov]] established the [[Moscow State University]], paving the way for a strong native tradition in learning and innovation. In the 19th and 20th centuries the country produced a large number of notable scientists and inventors.
 
   
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[[file:622 Grave.jpg|thumb|Xander's love and loyalty for his friends is his true power.|left]]
The [[Russian physics school]] began with Lomonosov who proposed the law of conservation of matter preceding the [[energy conservation law]]. Russian discoveries and inventions in physics include the [[electric arc]], electrodynamical [[Lenz's law]], [[space groups]] of [[crystal]]s, [[photoelectric cell]], [[superfluidity]], [[Cherenkov radiation]], [[electron paramagnetic resonance]], [[heterotransistor]]s and [[3D holography]]. [[Laser]]s and [[maser]]s were co-invented by [[Nikolai Basov]] and [[Alexander Prokhorov]], while the idea of [[tokamak]] for controlled [[nuclear fusion]] was introduced by [[Igor Tamm]], [[Andrei Sakharov]] and [[Lev Artsimovich]], leading eventually the modern international [[ITER]] project, where Russia is a party.
 
   
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Xander demonstrates that even an "average" person can make a difference and save the world. He never developed any permanent superpowers of his own but gained much experience from battling by Buffy's side. As Buffy explains to the [[Watchers Council]], Xander had "clocked more field time" than all other [[Watcher]]s combined.<ref name="Checkpoint">"[[Checkpoint]]"</ref> His gifts of persuasion and empathy were often his most useful assets. For example, Xander saved the world from Dark Willow, using only his words.<ref name="Grave" /> He also recognized that Buffy and Riley were "imploding" and forced Buffy to accept responsibility for the failed relationship.<ref name="IntoTheWoods">"[[Into the Woods]]"</ref>
Since the time of [[Nikolay Lobachevsky]] (the "[[Copernicus]] of [[Geometry]]" who pioneered the [[non-Euclidean geometry]]) and a prominent tutor [[Pafnuty Chebyshev]], the [[Russian mathematical school]] became one of the most influential in the world.<ref>{{cite book|title=Russian Mathematicians in the 20th Century|year=2003|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=978-981-02-4390-6|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Russian_Mathematicians_in_the_20th_Centu.html?id=BFsnWXkqZaMC|editor=Yakov Sinai}}</ref> Chebyshev's students included [[Aleksandr Lyapunov]], who founded the modern [[stability theory]], and [[Andrey Markov]] who invented the [[Markov chain]]s. In the 20th century Soviet mathematicians, such as [[Andrey Kolmogorov]], [[Israel Gelfand]], and [[Sergey Sobolev]], made major contributions to various areas of mathematics. Nine Soviet/Russian mathematicians were awarded with the [[Fields Medal]], a most prestigious award in mathematics. Recently [[Grigori Perelman]] was offered the first ever Clay [[Millennium Prize Problems]] Award for his final proof of the [[Poincaré conjecture]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.claymath.org/poincare/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428112451/http://www.claymath.org/poincare/index.html|archivedate=April 28, 2013 |title=The Poincaré Conjecture |publisher=Claymath.org |date= |accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref>
 
   
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While possessed by a hyena spirit through a Primal ritual,<ref name="Pack" /> Xander exhibited enhanced strength, heightened senses, as well as predatory instincts, a taste for fresh raw meat, and a lack of social inhibitions. He lost all of these capabilities when the spirit was [[Exorcism|exorcised]]; while he retained his memories of this experience, he kept it secret from everyone except Giles.
[[Russian chemist]] [[Dmitry Mendeleev]] invented the [[Periodic table]], the main framework of modern [[chemistry]]. [[Aleksandr Butlerov]] was one of the creators of the theory of [[chemical structure]], playing a central role in [[organic chemistry]]. [[Russian biologists]] include [[Dmitry Ivanovsky]] who discovered viruses, [[Ivan Pavlov]] who was the first to experiment with the [[classical conditioning]], and [[Ilya Mechnikov]] who was a pioneer researcher of the [[immune system]] and [[probiotics]].
 
   
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Xander was briefly transformed into a soldier under the effect of the [[Ritual of Janus]], and thereby acquired knowledge of military training, tactics, codes, and weapons handling techniques, enabling him to steal and use a rocket launcher to destroy [[the Judge]],<ref name="Innocence" /> and later to organize and lead a group defense against Mayor Wilkins after his [[Ascension]] to [[Olvikan]] was completed.<ref name="GraduationDay2" />
Many Russian scientists and inventors were [[émigrés]], like [[Igor Sikorsky]], who built the first [[airliner]]s and modern-type helicopters; [[Vladimir Zworykin]], often called the father of TV; chemist [[Ilya Prigogine]], noted for his work on [[dissipative structures]] and [[complex systems]]; Nobel Prize-winning economists [[Simon Kuznets]] and [[Wassily Leontief]]; physicist [[Georgiy Gamov]] (an author of the [[Big Bang]] theory) and social scientist [[Pitirim Sorokin]]. Many foreigners worked in Russia for a long time, like [[Leonard Euler]] and [[Alfred Nobel]].
 
   
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[[file:S2 Halloween Xander Soldier.jpg|thumb|Due to the Halloween curse that turned him into a soldier, Xander gained knowledge that helped Buffy in several missions.|200x200px]]
[[Russian inventions]] include [[arc welding]] by [[Nikolay Benardos]], further developed by [[Nikolay Slavyanov]], [[Konstantin Khrenov]] and other Russian engineers. [[Gleb Kotelnikov]] invented the [[knapsack parachute]], while [[Evgeniy Chertovsky]] introduced the [[pressure suit]]. [[Alexander Lodygin]] and [[Pavel Yablochkov]] were pioneers of [[electric lighting]], and [[Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky]] introduced the first [[three-phase electric power]] systems, widely used today. [[Sergei Vasiljevich Lebedev|Sergei Lebedev]] invented the first commercially viable and mass-produced type of [[synthetic rubber]]. The first [[ternary computer]], ''[[Setun]]'', was developed by [[Nikolay Brusentsov]].
 
   
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These skills slowly decayed by his own admission,<ref name="Initiative">"[[The Initiative]]"</ref> and he was later unable to decipher Riley's military hand-signs while on patrol.<ref name="FoolForLove">"[[Fool for Love]]"</ref> While he also demonstrated knowledge of the First's hypnotic control over Spike,<ref name="NeverLeaveMe">"[[Never Leave Me]]"</ref> he claimed this was just from seeing military films and not from his "army days".
[[File:Sukhoi T-50 Beltyukov.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Sukhoi Su-57]] is a [[fifth-generation jet fighter]] being developed for the [[Russian Air Force]].]]
 
[[File:Mir on 12 June 1998edit1.jpg|thumb|Soviet and Russian [[space station]] [[Mir]]]]
 
[[File:Soyuz TMA-2 launch.jpg|thumb|upright|Soyuz TMA-2 launch.jpg|[[Soyuz TMA-2]] is launched from [[Baikonur]], [[Kazakhstan]], carrying one of the first resident crews to the [[International Space Station]]]]
 
In the 20th century a number of prominent [[Soviet aerospace engineers]], inspired by the fundamental works of [[Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky|Nikolai Zhukovsky]], [[Sergei Chaplygin]] and others, designed many hundreds of models of military and civilian aircraft and founded a number of ''KBs'' (''Construction Bureaus'') that now constitute the bulk of Russian [[United Aircraft Corporation]]. Famous Russian aircraft include the civilian [[Tupolev|Tu]]-series, [[Sukhoi|Su]] and [[MiG|MiG fighter aircraft]], [[Kamov|Ka]] and [[Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant|Mi]]-series helicopters; many Russian aircraft models are on the [[list of most produced aircraft]] in history.
 
   
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Through the Ferula Gemina, Xander had his personality temporally split into two different beings.<ref name="Replacement" /> One Xander possessed Xander's more aggressive traits, such as his courage and confidence, easily getting a promotion and a large apartment, in addition to some of Xander's impetuous qualities and impatience. The other Xander possessed his more passive traits, including his sense of humor and fun, in addition to being highly insecure and paranoid, believing his double to be a demon who was hypnotizing his friends and trying to steal his life.<ref>http://atpobtvs.com/51.html#503</ref> However, both Xander's were both fiercely protective of Anya. Shortly before Willow fused them back together, they showed the same quirks, causing Giles to proclaim him "a bad influence on himself."
Famous Russian battle tanks include [[T-34|T34]], the most heavily produced tank design of World War&nbsp;II,<ref>[http://www.achtungpanzer.com/panzerkampfwagen-t-34r-soviet-t-34-in-german-service.htm Panzerkampfwagen T-34(r)] by George Parada (n.d.) ''Achtung Panzer!'' website. Retrieved November 17, 2008</ref> and further tanks of T-series, including the most produced tank in history, [[T-54/55|T54/55]].<ref>Halberstadt, Hans Inside the Great Tanks The Crowood Press Ltd. Wiltshire, England 1997 94–96 {{ISBN|1-86126-270-1}}: "The T-54/T-55 series is the hands down, all time most popular tank in history".</ref> The [[AK47]] and [[AK-74|AK74]] by [[Mikhail Kalashnikov]] constitute the most widely used type of [[assault rifle]] throughout the world—so much so that more AK-type rifles have been manufactured than all other assault rifles combined.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csae.ox.ac.uk/workingpapers/pdfs/2006-13text.pdf|title=Weaponomics: The Economics of Small Arms|format=PDF|date= |accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref>
 
   
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Even if his long-term strategy skills deteriorated with his military expertise, he retained an expert ability to think on the fly, mostly relating to talking to others in stressful situations. He managed to convince Jack to not blow up the school (which would, unknown to Jack, doom the world due to the Hellmouth opening that night) with nothing other than his words and threatened both Angel and Angelus into complete submission; even if he didn’t have the skills to back up those threats, Angelus, in particular, realized that Xander could lead the people around him, even those that didn’t know him, against him if he attacked. Additionally, his decision to hit Glory with the wrecking ball was not in the original plan and Giles even came to depend on his skills to talk Dark Willow down, which he did by relying on memory all the way back in kindergarten.
With all these achievements, however, since the late Soviet era Russia was lagging behind the West in a number of technologies, mostly those related to [[energy conservation]] and [[consumer goods]] production. The crisis of the 1990s led to the drastic reduction of the state support for science and a [[brain drain]] migration from Russia.
 
   
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Xander was something of an expert on pop culture; he read ''X-Men'' comics<ref name="ToughLove">"[[Tough Love]]"</ref> and referenced both the Human Torch and Nick Fury. Xander displayed the ability to read Klingon.<ref name="SeeingRed" /> He often demonstrated pop culture knowledge rivaling Andrew's.
In the 2000s, on the wave of a new economic boom, the situation in the Russian science and technology has improved, and the government [[Medvedev modernisation programme|launched a campaign]] aimed into modernisation and [[innovation]]. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev formulated top priorities for the country's technological development:
 
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Xander became a skilled carpenter, gaining practical job experience from repairing damage caused by various conflicts involving the Scooby Gang (most notably the windows at [[Summers' residence|Buffy's house]]; Xander complained he was doomed to replace their windows for all eternity) and as a foreman of a construction crew.<ref name="Replacement" /> Spike mockingly referred to Xander as "a glorified bricklayer."<ref name="Gift">"[[The Gift]]"</ref>
* [[Efficient energy use]]
 
* Information technology, including both common products and the products combined with [[space technology]]
 
* [[Nuclear power|Nuclear energy]]
 
* [[Pharmaceuticals]]<ref>[http://sputniknews.com/russia/20091011/156428675.html Medvedev outlines priorities for Russian economy's modernization] RIA Novosti</ref>
 
   
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Caleb noted that Xander was "the one that sees everything", including his friends' flaws and strengths, more clearly than anyone else, simply because no one was looking at him. Dawn suggested this may be his superpower. This human (non-supernatural) strength — his insight, empathy, and understanding — was what prompted Caleb to take Xander's eye, also knowing it would incite Buffy's wrath. Xander also showed he was a skilled archer: he impaled Caleb's hand with an arrow from a distance.
Currently Russia has completed the [[GLONASS]] [[satellite navigation system]]. The country is developing its own [[Sukhoi PAK FA|fifth-generation jet fighter]] and constructing the first serial [[mobile nuclear plant]] in the world.
 
   
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Xander used his military knowledge to lead a paramilitary group of Slayers, witches, and seers based in a Scottish castle, viewed from outside as an international "terrorist" organization. The organization which he and Buffy headed employed high-tech and magical weaponry. Xander oversaw and orchestrated the efforts of Willow, Dawn, Buffy, and his Slayers through cameras and earpieces. He again displayed a broad knowledge of warfare and military operations by instructing the Slayers in the use of various modern weapons and basic strategy.<ref name="Retreat" />
===Space exploration===
 
Russian achievements in the field of [[space technology]] and [[space exploration]] are traced back to [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]], the father of theoretical [[astronautics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aiaa.org/index.cfm|title=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|publisher=Aiaa.org|accessdate=January 2, 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref> His works had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers, such as [[Sergey Korolyov]], [[Valentin Glushko]], and many others who contributed to the success of the [[Soviet space program]] in the early stages of the [[Space Race]] and beyond.
 
   
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He has excellent detective skills. Mostly he can figure out or work or successfully come up with great ideas when he works with the gang. He is very loyal to the group and is willing to take a bullet for his friends. When he started out, he and Willow were labeled as outsiders and geeks. Working with Buffy and Giles and researching and fighting off Vampires prove to be everybody that he could do more out there than anyone.
In 1957 the first Earth-orbiting artificial [[satellite]], ''[[Sputnik&nbsp;1]]'', was launched; in 1961 the first human trip into space was successfully made by [[Yury Gagarin]]. Many other Soviet and Russian [[space exploration records]] ensued, including the first [[spacewalk]] performed by [[Alexey Leonov]], [[Luna&nbsp;9]] was the first spacecraft to land on the [[Moon]], [[Venera&nbsp;7]] was the first to land on another planet ([[Venus]]), [[Mars&nbsp;3]] then the first to land on [[Mars]], the first [[space exploration rover]] ''[[Lunokhod-1|Lunokhod 1]]'', and the first [[space station]] ''[[Salyut&nbsp;1]]'' and ''[[Mir]]''.
 
   
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==Relationships==
After the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]], some government-funded space exploration programs, including the [[Buran programme|Buran]] space shuttle program, were cancelled or delayed, while participation of the Russian space industry in commercial activities and international cooperation intensified.
 
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===Romantic===
Nowadays Russia is the largest satellite launcher.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/2009.html |title=Russian space program in 2009: plans and reality |publisher=Russianspaceweb.com |accessdate=April 27, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128201450/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/2009.html |archivedate=January 28, 2010}}</ref> After the United States [[Space Shuttle]] program ended in 2011, [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz rockets]] became the only provider of transport for astronauts at the [[International Space Station]].
 
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{{Quote|Why do demon women always find me attractive?! There has to be a reason!|Xander|First Date}}
   
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A recurring joke about Xander was that he was a "demon magnet," as many of the women he had dated or been attracted to have turned out to be demonic or in some other way supernatural.
===Water supply and sanitation===
 
{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Russia}}
 
In Russia, approximately 70 per cent of drinking water comes from surface water and 30 per cent from groundwater. In 2004, water supply systems had a total capacity of 90 million cubic metres a day. The average residential water use was 248 litres per capita per day.<ref name="UN">United Nations:[https://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/russia/RussiaSanitation04f.pdf Sanitation Country Profile Russian Federation], 2004</ref> One fourth of the world's fresh surface and [[groundwater]] is located in Russia. The water utilities sector is one of the largest industries in Russia serving the entire Russian population.
 
   
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[[File:Buffy_1x04.jpg|thumb|160px|Xander's somewhat intimate encounter with Miss French.]]
==Demographics==
 
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*'''[[She-Mantis|Natalie French (She-Mantis)]]''' — The real [[Natalie French]] was born in 1907 and taught for a few decades at Sunnydale High. Her name was stolen by a demonic she-mantis whose pheromones attracted many of Sunnydale's males. She drugged Xander's drink at her house and intended to mate with him before beheading him. Buffy managed to stop her and save Xander in time.<ref name="TeachersPet" />
{{Main article|Demographics of Russia|Rossiyane}}
 
[[File:Federal subjects of Russia by population dencity.svg|thumb|[[Federal subjects of Russia|Federal subjects]] by population density. The population is most dense in the European part of the country, with milder climate, centering on Moscow, St Petersburg and other cities.]]
 
{{multiple image
 
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|direction=vertical
 
|width=300
 
|image1=Percentage of Russians by region.svg
 
|caption1=Percentage of ethnic Russians by region in 2010{{legend|#ff0000|>80%}}{{legend|#ff9955|70—79%}}{{legend|#ffccaa|50—69%}}{{legend|#ffe6d5|20—49%}}
 
{{legend|#ffffff|<20%}}
 
|image2=Russia natural population growth rates 2015.PNG
 
|caption2=Natural population growth rate in Russia, 2015.
 
}}
 
Ethnic Russians comprise 81% of the country's population.<ref name="perepis-2010.ru">{{cite web|url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/result-december-2011.ppt|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118212344/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/result-december-2011.ppt|archivedate=January 18, 2012|title=ВПН-2010|work=perepis-2010.ru}}</ref> The Russian Federation is also home to several sizeable minorities. In all, 160 different other ethnic groups and indigenous peoples live within its borders.<ref name="ethnicgroups">[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php Ethnic groups in Russia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622084055/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php |date=June 22, 2011}}, 2002 census, ''Demoscope Weekly''. Retrieved February 5, 2009.</ref> Though Russia's population is comparatively large, [[list of countries by population density|its density is low]] because of the country's enormous size. Population is densest in [[European Russia]], near the [[Ural Mountains]], and in southwest Siberia. 73% of the population lives in urban areas while 27% in rural ones.<ref>{{cite web|title=Resident population|publisher=[[Rosstat]]|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2007/b07_12/05-01.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303135317/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2007/b07_12/05-01.htm|archivedate=March 3, 2012|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref> The results of the [[Russian Census (2010)|2010 Census]] show a total population of 142,856,536.<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref>
 
   
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[[File:BuffyInca.jpg|thumb|160px|Xander shares his first kiss with the mummy girl Ampata.]]
Russia's population peaked at 148,689,000 in 1991, just before the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]]. It began to experience a rapid decline starting in the mid-1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/russia/29.htm|publisher=Library of Congress|title=Demographics|accessdate=January 16, 2008}}</ref> The decline has slowed to near stagnation in recent years because of reduced [[death rates]], increased [[birth rates]] and increased [[immigration]].<ref name="gks" />
 
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*'''[[Inca Mummy|Ampata Gutierrez]]''' — An Incan mummy girl, impersonating an exchange student named Ampata, wanted to live the normal life she had given up in order to save her people. She fell for Xander, as he was the first male she'd ever met who didn't treat her like a princess, but as a person. However, her relationship with Xander was short-lived; she attempted to kiss him (and thus drain him of his life in order to continue her own) when he offered himself to her to stop her from draining and killing Buffy and Willow. In the end, however, she collapsed as the life forces left her, and did not drain any of them.<ref name="IncaMummyGirl" />
   
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*'''[[Kendra Young]]''' — Upon seeing the slayer, Xander became instantly attracted to her. He flirted with her, saying "You're a Slayer; I like that in a woman". Since Kendra had been taught to adhere to her slayer duties over interacting with boys, she nervously swelled into fear when she responded. Xander was then estranged by her reply and no longer made any moves afterward.<ref name="WhatsMyLine2" />
In 2009, Russia recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years, with total growth of 10,500.<ref name="gks">[http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2010/demo/dem-sit-09.doc Modern demographics of Russia] by [[Rosstat]]. Retrieved on October 5, 2010</ref> 279,906 migrants arrived to the Russian Federation the same year, of which 93% came from [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] countries.<ref name="gks" /> The number of Russian emigrants steadily declined from 359,000 in 2000 to 32,000 in 2009.<ref name="gks" /> There are also an estimated 10&nbsp;million [[Illegal immigration in Russia|illegal immigrants]] from the ex-Soviet states in Russia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia cracking down on illegal migrants|work=International Herald Tribune|date=January 15, 2007|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/15/news/migrate.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915210918/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/15/news/migrate.php|archivedate=September 15, 2008}}</ref> Russia is home to approximately 116&nbsp;million ethnic Russians<ref name="ethnicgroups" /> and about 20&nbsp;million ethnic Russians live outside Russia in the former republics of the Soviet Union,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article728982.ece |title=Putin tries to lure millions of Russian expats home |accessdate=2010-04-25 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525073623/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article728982.ece |archivedate=May 25, 2010}} Times Online. February 9, 2006.</ref> mostly in Ukraine and Kazakhstan.<ref>Moya Flynn. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YLeAxHLmgR8C&pg=PA15 Migrant resettlement in the Russian federation: reconstructing 'homes' and 'homelands'], Anthem Press (2004). p. 15. {{ISBN|1-84331-117-8}}</ref>
 
   
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*'''Every woman in Sunnydale''' — After Amy performed a magic spell to make Cordelia fall madly in love with Xander just so he could break up with her and hurt her, it backfired and made every woman in Sunnydale (including Amy, Buffy, Willow, Jenny, Harmony, Joyce, Drusilla, [[Katherine Wexford]], [[Gwen Ditchik]], the [[Unidentified lunch lady|lunch lady]], among others) fall in love with Xander Harris. As a result, Xander was nearly killed by a veritable army of obsessed women resolved to kill anyone who would presented a barrier against their love for Xander — including Xander himself.<ref name="BewitchedBotheredBewildered" />
The [[Russian Census (2010)|2010 census]] recorded 81% of the population as [[Russians|ethnically Russian]], and 19% as other ethnicities:<ref name="perepis-2010.ru" /> 3.7% [[Tatars]]; 1.4% [[Ukrainians in Russia|Ukrainians]]; 1.1% [[Bashkirs]]; 1% [[Chuvash people|Chuvashes]]; 11.8% others and unspecified. According to the Census, 84.93% of the Russian population belongs to European ethnic groups (Slavic, Germanic, Finnic other than [[Ugric peoples|Ugric]], Greek, and others). This is a decline from the 2002, when they constituted for more than 86% of the population.<ref name="perepis-2010.ru" />
 
   
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[[File:CordyXander.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Xander and Cordy]]
Russia's birth rate is higher than that of most European countries (13.3 births per 1000 people in 2014<ref name="gks" /> compared to the [[European Union]] average of 10.1 per 1000),<ref name="EU crude rates">{{cite web|title=Demographic balance and crude rates at national level|publisher=Eurostat|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/population-demography-migration-projections/population-data/database?p_p_id=NavTreeportletprod_WAR_NavTreeportletprod_INSTANCE_2pAWwssjV8xq&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-2&p_p_col_pos=1&p_p_col_count=2|accessdate=June 1, 2016}}</ref> but its death rate is also substantially higher (in 2014, Russia's death rate was 13.1 per 1000 people<ref name="gks" /> compared to the EU average of 9.7 per 1000).<ref name="EU crude rates" /> The Russian Ministry of Health and Social Affairs predicted that by 2011 the death rate would equal the birth rate because of increase in fertility and decline in mortality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sputniknews.com/russia/20080123/97616414.html|title=Russia's birth, mortality rates to equal by 2011–ministry|publisher=RIA Novosti|accessdate=February 10, 2008}}</ref> The government is implementing a number of programs designed to increase the birth rate and attract more migrants. Monthly government child-assistance payments were doubled to US$55, and a one-time payment of US$9,200 was offered to women who had a second child since 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=Country Profile: Russia|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]—Federal Research Division|date=October 2006|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Russia.pdf|accessdate=December 27, 2007|format=PDF}}</ref>
 
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*'''[[Cordelia Chase]]''' — Cordelia and Xander met as children and were antagonistic from the beginning, making their romantic relationship in high school all the more bewildering. However, Vampire Xander from the [[Wishverse]] did admit some attraction by describing Cordelia as an 'old crush'.<ref name="Wish" /> They faced several obstacles, including peer pressure from Cordelia's clique (she was ostracized from her social circle), Cordelia's self-involved and insensitive manner, and Xander's unresolved attraction to Willow, Buffy, and Faith. However, Xander did appear to have genuine feelings for Cordelia during their time together despite cheating on her with Willow. Cordelia also privately admitted to Buffy that she loved Xander, much to Buffy's surprise and that he "sorta grows on you, like a Chia Pet."<ref>"[[Homecoming]]"</ref> When Cordelia discovered Xander and Willow kissing in the basement of an abandoned factory (where they were being held prisoner), she ended their relationship for good.<ref name="LoversWalk" /> Xander had called her many times and attempted to fix things with her, only to have Cordelia firmly ignore him, too humiliated and hurt to forgive him or get back with him ever again. After their breakup, Cordelia became more openly hostile and resented Xander, causing him to fall back on his sarcastic insults. After a particularly eventful and heroic night for him, Xander had been able to ignore her snarky remarks about his usefulness to the Scooby Gang, smiling at her smugly and not saying anything. This greatly confused and frustrated Cordelia.<ref name="Zeppo" /> Nonetheless, Xander retained his romantic affection for Cordelia, showing obvious jealous over her superficial attraction to the [[Wesley Wyndam-Pryce|Wesley]] on many occasions.<ref name="Enemies">"[[Enemies]]"</ref> While watching Cordelia cheer at a pep rally, he had claimed to Oz that he didn't understand why he wasted his time on her and that she wasn't that good-looking. However, his words were quickly contradicted after spotting Wesley look at her, saying in jealous spite "My God! He's lookin' at her! He's got his filthy Pierce Brosnan eyes all over my Cordy!"<ref name="Earshot">"[[Earshot]]"</ref> After he had exchanged his daily dose of barbs with Cordelia, Willow had been frustrated, wondering why he always provoked and egged her on. Xander's simple response was: "I can't help myself. It's part of my nature. "Coming to the conclusion that her remarks were a bit more bitter than usual, he had once again taunted her, claiming that she wasn't accepted into any colleges. Angry, Cordelia revealed to him all of her college invitations while slightly surprised and impressed Xander.<ref name="Choices">"[[Choices]]"</ref> Originally ignorant of his ex's problems, Cordelia, in a fit of stress and frustration, revealed to him her financial problems because of her father's unpaid taxes and how she couldn't even afford the dress she wanted for the prom. Xander quickly felt sorry and regretted his harsh words before; deciding to not tell the Scooby Gang that she was broke like she had assumed he would. He secretly bought the dress for her she couldn't afford, earning him Cordelia's deep gratitude. He had complimented that it looked good on her and they seemed to settle on a hesitant friendship. Cordelia and Xander spent some time together as friends throughout Graduation<ref name="GraduationDay1">"[[Graduation Day, Part One]]"</ref> and she helped defeat the Mayor.<ref name="TheProm">"[[The Prom]]"</ref> After graduation, their lives took different paths; he remained in Sunnydale and fought evil with Buffy, and she moved to [[Los Angeles]] to become an actress and later to "help the helpless" with Angel.<ref>"[[City Of]]"</ref> Cordelia was the only non-supernatural girl he dated. Ironically, she did later become a seer half-demon on Angel.<ref>"[[Birthday]]"</ref>
   
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[[File:Xander_Faith_Zeppo_ep.jpg|thumb|Xander and Faith have a quick tryst. ]]
In 2006, in a bid to compensate for the country's demographic decline, the Russian government started simplifying immigration laws and launched a state program "for providing assistance to voluntary immigration of ethnic Russians from former Soviet republics".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sputniknews.com/analysis/20060714/51327247.html|title=Russia trying to resolve demographic problem through immigration|date=July 14, 2006|work=rian.ru}}</ref> In 2009 Russia experienced its highest birth rate since the dissolution of the Soviet Union.<ref name="gks" /><ref>[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ias/ias05.php?tim=0&cou=26&terr=1&ind=26&Submit=OK Russian birth rates 1950–2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430195030/https://demoscope.ru/weekly/ias/ias05.php?tim=0&cou=26&terr=1&ind=26&Submit=OK |date=April 30, 2011}} ''Demoscope Weekly''. Retrieved October 2010.</ref> In 2012, the birth rate increased again. Russia recorded 1,896,263 births, the highest number since 1990, and even exceeding annual births during the period 1967–1969, with a TFR of about 1.7, the highest since 1991. (Source: Vital statistics table below)
 
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* '''[[Faith Lehane]]''' — Some weeks after his relationship with Cordelia dissolved, Xander found himself helping Faith fight a demon one night. After the battle, an adrenaline-fueled Faith took Xander back to her apartment and had sex with him; this was Xander's first sexual encounter. She hastily threw Xander out of her apartment afterward once she finished with him.<ref name="Zeppo" /> Weeks later, after Faith had gone rogue and killed a man, Xander confronted her about her actions, mistakenly believing that they had a connection. Faith started to rape Xander and then to strangle him before being hit in the head with a baseball bat by Angel. Faith mentioned that she never wanted a relationship like Xander thought that she did, and was mere with him for the sex.<ref>"[[Consequences]]"</ref> While in Buffy's body, after hearing about Xander and his new girlfriend Anya's romantic evening which would consist of having sex but candles, Faith commented on Xander's performance, remarking "wouldn't want to cut in that 7 minutes".<ref>"[[Who Are You?]]"</ref> When some Potential Slayers complained about Anya mentioning her sex-life with Xander, Faith said that whenever she heard Anya talking about sex, she reminded Anya that she was Xander's first, which made her shut up. Years later, after Giles' death and the reading of his will, Xander was revealed to be quietly furious that Faith had received Giles's estate and horses while Buffy was only given the ''Vampyr'' book, Faith describing him as "practically shooting a hate beam at her and that was only with one eye."<ref name="LG">''[[Last Gleaming]]''</ref>
   
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[[File:Xander&anya.png|thumb|200x200px|Xander and Anya]]
In August 2012, as the country saw its first demographic growth since the 1990s, President Putin declared that Russia's population could reach 146 million by 2025, mainly as a result of immigration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sputniknews.com/society/20120820/175324629.html|title=Immigration Drives Russian Population Increase|date=August 20, 2012|work=ria.ru}}</ref>
 
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*'''[[Anya Jenkins]]''' — Xander originally held mild annoyance of Anya and was seen to be greatly confused that she had wanted to go to the prom with him, due to her disdain of men of any kind. Driven by desperation, Xander agreed to go with her but soon became visibly uncomfortable and overwhelmed with her gory stories of her vengeance demon days, so much so that he had rather wanted to talk to his ex-girlfriend Cordelia (who was with [[Wesley Wyndam-Pryce|Wesley]]), displaying no jealousy in his desire to ''not'' hear her stories. They nonetheless shared an awkward dance.<ref name="TheProm" /> As Anya developed feelings for him and tried to get into a conversation, Xander shared no mutual interest. Despite her offer to run away with her during the Ascension, Xander declined, deciding to stay and help his friends<ref name="GraduationDay1" /> Anya quickly returned to Sunnydale and immediately sought out Xander, openly wondering what place their relationship was out. He was shocked and overwhelmed by this, immediately confused by her belief that they actually ''had ''a relationship. He semi-seriously rejected her advances at first, reminding her that it just "happened" and it wasn't necessarily anything yet. Nonetheless, Anya continued her sexual advances, stripping down naked in front of him to get him to sleep with her so he was "out of her system". Stunned, Xander at first told her sex was about expressing feelings and consequences but he did like her "directness". At the information that she had condoms, Xander quickly gave him, saying " And the amazing thing? Still more romantic than Faith." They had sex, causing Anya to claim she was "over him". Xander didn't seem to care much, just agreeing which only angered her. She once again tried to talk to him, only to get dismissively brushed off by him as Buffy was in danger.<ref name="HarshLight">"[[The Harsh Light of Day]]"</ref> Relentless as ever, Anya returned with her feelings for him still intact. Xander was shocked by this, assuming she was over him (much to Anya's frustration). Beginning to develop slightly serious affection for her, he offered her to come to the Halloween haunted house with his friends, admitting it had "date-like qualities".<ref>"[[Fear, Itself]]"</ref> Xander and Anya soon started dating.<ref name="Pangs">"[[Pangs]]"</ref> Anya became disappointed and dissatisfied with him, believing that Xander did not care about her feelings or whatever happened to her, all he cared about was sex. Xander was annoyed by her desire for more attention, glibly saying "You really have become a real girl, now have you?" However, Anya soon saw he really did care for her when he had violently attacked Spike for assuming he had killed her.<ref name="Hush">"[[Hush]]"</ref> Their relationship had another snag when Anya wrongly assumed that Xander was no longer interested in her since had hadn't had sex with her in two days. Xander disagreed, and tried to reassure her that there was more to their relationship than sex. Anya didn't listen and discussed her woes with Spike, connecting in their complicated relationships as well as the loss of their supernatural abilities. Xander was naturally jealous of Spike and ended up arguing with her, causing Anya to break up with him under the wrong belief he still wasn't into her. However, after battling together in the [[Lowell House|frat house]], Xander and Anya made up and quickly got back together.<ref name="Where the Wild Things Are">"[[Where the Wild Things Are]]"</ref> Anya comforted Xander in her own way after his fall out with his friends, Anya confessing to him she was in love with him for the first time. Xander was grateful for her support, but did not say he loved her back.<ref name="Primeval">"[[Primeval]]"</ref> Anya began growing frustrated that Xander still in his basement, causing him to buy an apartment. After being split into two Xanders, it became clear that he did have more genuine feelings for her past physical. "Smooth Xander" alleviated Anya's fears of him finding her repulsive when she got old, saying that being human was not a bad thing like she thought. "Weak Xander" also became paranoid when he thought his more confident other was evil, declaring he could take anything else in his life but not Anya.<ref name="Replacement" /> Despite Xander's continual stress over Anya's lack of social politeness and extremely blunt way of talking about their sex life, he fell deeply in love with her. After an argument with Buffy, he would finally admit that was was in love with Anya and that she made him feel something he had never felt before: like a man.<ref name="Into the Woods">"[[Into the Woods]]"</ref> Conflict began to arise when Willow and Anya frequently argued together, causing Xander to be annoyed and angry they were trying to make him chose sides. Xander admitted to Spike he felt torn between his loyalty to Willow and his love for Anya. However, Xander refused to sacrifice either of them when [[Olaf]] gave had him in his clutches, even if it meant dying himself.<ref name="Triangle">"[[Triangle]]"</ref> After sleeping together, Anya would express how it was meant to create life. Xander was uncomfortable at the insinuations, not nearly ready to have children with her. Anya agreed, insisted they could someday and that was beautiful. Xander was touched, showing further depth to their relationship.<ref name="Forever">"[[Forever]]"</ref> After sleeping together on the eve of the battle with [[Glorificus|Glory]], Xander suddenly proposed to Anya. She responded badly at first, believing he was only doing so because they were going to die, but happily accepted in the end.<ref name="The Gift">"[[The Gift]]"</ref> However, Xander initially wanted to keep their engagement a secret following Buffy's death, much to Anya's great confusion and annoyance.<ref name="Bargaining, Part One">"[[Bargaining, Part One]]"</ref> The two came very close to getting married and retained strong feelings for each other The two officially remained broken up, but once Xander lost his eye, Anya began to care for him more. The two became swept up at the moment when overhearing Willow and Kennedy, and Principal Wood and Faith, respectively, having sex. Before going into the final battle, Anya and Xander wished each other luck. Anya fought alongside Andrew, but she was killed by a Bringer. As the school was crumbling, Xander frantically called out Anya's name but didn't notice her body lying on the floor. When Xander asked Andrew what happened to Anya, he was told that she died protecting Andrew, to which Xander replies "That's my girl. Always doing the stupid thing."<ref name="Chosen">"[[Chosen]]"</ref>
   
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*'''[[Julie]]''' — After temporarily separating from Anya from a fight during the Lowell House party, Xander showed a mutual attraction to a college girl named Julie. Xander played spin the bottle with her with seemingly purposeful intentions but when set to kiss each other he wasn't in for it and instead kissed her on the cheek. Julie, on the contrary, kissed him lustfully due to being possessed by a [[poltergeist]] who turns out to be a [[Ghost|ghostly child]] who was abused by [[Genevieve Holt]]. She then ran off and Xander found her cutting her own hair in disgust.
===Largest cities===
 
{{Main article|List of cities and towns in Russia by population}}
 
{{Largest cities of Russia}}
 
   
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*'''[[Nancy (Beneath You)|Nancy]]''' — After being frustrated with his own relationship problems with Anya and others in the past, Xander luckily ran into Nancy and, along with the gang, protected her from a giant worm-like demon that was specifically attacking her. Xander walked her home, and, both new at dating, they awkwardly asked each other out. However, after finding out the demon was Nancy's ex-boyfriend who was turned into the worm-like creature by Xander's own ex-fiancée, Anya, the two never dated.<ref>"[[Beneath You]]"</ref>
===Ethnic groups===
 
{{Main article|Ethnic groups in Russia}}
 
Russia is a multi-national state with [[List of ethnic groups in Russia|over 170 ethnic groups]] designated as nationalities; the populations of these groups vary enormously, from millions (e.g., Russians and Tatars) to under 10,000 (e.g., [[Sami people|Samis]] and [[Inuit]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=846655 |title=Report by Mr. Alvaro Gil-Robles on his Visits to the Russian Federation |publisher=[[Council of Europe]], [[Commissioner for Human Rights]] |date=2005-04-20}}</ref>
 
   
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*'''[[Lissa]]''' — Approximately a year after his breakup with Anya, Xander took another dip in the dating pool, and impulsively asked out Lissa, a beautiful woman he met at a hardware store. Their date went well until Lissa tied Xander to a torture wheel, revealed herself to be a demon, and cheerfully prepared to use Xander as a human sacrifice. Xander, before being rescued, pondered what caused him to keep getting involved with female demons and that there had to be a reason. This event frustrated him so much to the point that he even tried (unsuccessfully) to convince Willow to 'turn him gay' or 'gay him up.'<ref name="FirstDate">"[[First Date]]"</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Ethnic groups in Russia">
 
File:Novosibirsk-Karimov.jpg|[[ethnic Russians|Russian]] [[Cossacks|Cossack]] family in Siberia
 
File:Ил Күнэ - День государственности Республики Саха 32.jpg|[[Yakuts]] in [[Sakha Republic]]
 
File:Sourb Gevorg Art 1.JPG|[[Armenians in Russia|Armenians]] in [[Volgograd]]
 
File:Komi peoples.jpg|[[Komi peoples]]
 
File:Домбристы в национальных калмыцких костюмах.jpg|[[Kalmyks]] in [[Elista]]
 
File:Народы Кавказа 19 век.JPG|[[Northern Caucasus]] folk costumes: (l-r) [[Ossetians]], [[Circassians]], [[Kabardians]], and [[Chechens]].
 
</gallery>
 
   
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*'''[[Renee]]'''— Renee was a young Slayer who had a crush on Xander. Before Amy's army of zombies, she and another Slayer were talking about Renee's feelings for him, which she denied. Later, she and Xander joked with each other and he comforted her about feeling like she was doing a poor job as a Slayer. The pair traveled together to Dracula's castle and then to Japan to help Buffy get The Scythe back. Before they departed for The Scythe rescue mission, they shared a kiss and she asked Xander on a date. During the mission, however, Renee was killed by Toru, leader of the Tokyo vampires. After the mission, Xander spread her ashes on a Japanese garden.
===Language===
 
[[File:Russian language status and proficiency in the World.svg|thumb|Area where [[Russian language]] is spoken as an official or a minority language]]
 
{{Main article|Russian language|Languages of Russia|List of endangered languages in Russia}}
 
   
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[[file:712 Potential.jpg|thumb|At one time, Dawn had a crush on Xander. Later, they are friends and he even gives her pep talks.]]
Russia's 160 ethnic groups speak some 100 languages.<ref name="britannica" /> According to the 2002 Census, 142.6&nbsp;million people speak Russian, followed by [[Tatar language|Tatar]] with 5.3&nbsp;million and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] with 1.8&nbsp;million speakers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87 |title=Russian Census of 2002 |work=4.3. Population by nationalities and knowledge of Russian; 4.4. Spreading of knowledge of languages (except Russian) |publisher=[[Rosstat]] |accessdate=January 16, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719233704/http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87 |archivedate=July 19, 2011}}</ref> Russian is the only official state language, but the Constitution gives the individual [[Republics of Russia|republics]] the right to establish their own state languages in addition to Russian.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of the Russian Federation|work=(Article 68, §2)|url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-04.htm|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref>
 
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*'''[[Dawn Summers]]''' — During her childhood, Dawn had a crush on Xander which he was aware of but did not return, instead, viewing her as a little sister. Nonetheless, he was very fond of Dawn and tended to sympathize with her, in contrast to Buffy's more harsh approach to any mistakes she made.<ref name="Real Me">"[[Real Me]]"</ref> Upon realizing Dawn was the Key, Xander was shocked but did his best to treat her normally. Xander once mentioned knowing about her past crush on him, and seemed to be flattered by it since she was once a "powerful being, big energy gal."<ref name="Blood Ties">"[[Blood Ties]]"</ref> When told of Dawn's crush on Spike, Xander was shocked and slightly jealous since he had felt like the "cool one" through her feelings.<ref name="Crush">"[[Crush]]"</ref> On one occasion, Xander displayed an attraction to Dawn when seeing her dance seductively with [[R.J. Brooks]], only to be startled and horrified to realize it had been Dawn.<ref>"[[Him]]"</ref> For the most part, Xander and Dawn's relationship was more like that of an older brother and younger sister. Xander became Dawn's only confidante throughout her many shape-shifting episodes. Following the retreat of the [[Slayer Organization]] to Tibet, Buffy found Xander and Dawn sharing a kiss. Xander told Buffy that he had truly fallen in love with Dawn. However, he admitted it was "not unweird, knowing her since she was little," but he also claimed she had grown as a person. After the [[Twilight]] crisis, Xander moved with Dawn into an apartment in [[San Francisco]] and they were officially together a couple. But they were not without their problems. While getting in an argument, Dawn had forced Xander to sleep on the couch for a few nights, as he had forgotten her birthday.<ref>''[[Freefall]]''</ref> As the year carried on, Xander continued to be there constantly for Dawn as her health started to deteriorate more and more. Eventually, this climaxed in her falling into a coma and suffering from a mystical illness, slowly killing her due to being created from the Key that was a form of magic. Grief-stricken and feeling once again useless, Xander angrily took his emotions out on a wall punching it over and over again. Buffy took action and stopped his self-destructive behavior, only to have him turn on her instead. Venting his anger and guilt by self-projecting it on Buffy, they pulled out all of the stops to save Dawn.<ref name="ReferenceB">''[[Welcome to the Team, Part Four]]''</ref> Still driven by blind anger and helplessness, Xander reflected in his inner monologue that he had given up being involved in supernatural affairs to protect Dawn and now all he was doing was "watching" again. His sense of desperation and self-loathing built to the point he had decided to work with [[Simone]] and [[Severin]] if it meant he could save Dawn's life, knowingly betraying Buffy by doing so.<ref name="TW" /> When Dawn was registered mostly conscious thanks to Willow, Xander had done his utmost to comfort her. He informed her of her fading away essence but promised her it would be fixed before anything could happen to her. When Dawn begged him to stay with her in San Francisco, Xander had rejected her pleas. He was resolved to save her on his own through the plans of Severin and Simone and did not see Buffy's plan involving the [[Deeper Well]] as successful.<ref name="The Core, Part One" />. Eventually a few weeks after the defeating of D'Hoffryn they got back together, and they replied to Dracula "that they were taking it slow".
   
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===Friendships===
Despite its wide distribution, the Russian language is homogeneous throughout the country. Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, as well as the most widely spoken [[Slavic language]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian language|publisher=University of Toronto|url=http://learn.utoronto.ca/Page625.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106002617/http://learn.utoronto.ca/Page625.aspx|archivedate=January 6, 2007|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref> It belongs to the [[Indo-European language]] family and is one of the living members of the [[East Slavic languages]], the others being [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] (and possibly [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]]). Written examples of [[Old East Slavic]] (''Old Russian'') are attested from the 10th century onwards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foreigntranslations.com/languages/russian-translation/russian-language-history/?page-content.cfm/page/russian-language |title=Russian Language History |publisher=Foreigntranslations.com |accessdate=May 4, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727003320/http://www.foreigntranslations.com/languages/russian-translation/russian-language-history/?page-content.cfm%2Fpage%2Frussian-language |archivedate=July 27, 2013}}</ref>
 
   
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[[File:Xander_and_Oz_Fear_Itself.jpg|thumb|Xander and Oz, friends.]]
Russian is the second-most used language on the [[Internet]] after English,<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian is now the second most used language on the web|url=http://w3techs.com/blog/entry/russian_is_now_the_second_most_used_language_on_the_web|work=W3Techs|publisher=Q-Success|accessdate=June 17, 2013|author=Matthias Gelbmann|date=March 19, 2013}}</ref> one of two official languages aboard the [[International Space Station]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://global.jaxa.jp/article/special/expedition/wakata01_e.html|title=JAXA – My Long Mission in Space|publisher=}}</ref> and is one of the six [[official languages of the UN]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Poser|first=Bill|url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/000854.html|title=The languages of the UN|publisher=Itre.cis.upenn.edu|date=May 5, 2004|accessdate=October 29, 2010}}</ref>
 
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*'''[[Daniel Osbourne|Oz]]''' — Xander at first distrusted Oz when he started dating Willow as he talked about him while making out with Cordelia,<ref name="Phases">"[[Phases]]"</ref> due to his natural distrust of someone in a band as well as some jealousy on his part. Xander eventually got over his jealousy of Oz's relationship with Willow and the two became friends, though Oz did punch him once when Xander upset Willow by rejecting her advances while she was under a love spell. After Willow cheated on Oz with Xander, Oz never expressed any hostility to him (though Xander noted he could tell Oz was angry with him due to his eyes, describing it as a "verbal non-verbal")<ref>"[[Gingerbread]]"</ref> as with Willow and the two quickly sustained mutual respect, both of them once discussing the types of kryptonite from the Superman comics<ref>"[[Helpless]]"</ref> or the best way to become a cool guitarist.<ref name="Zeppo" /> When reuniting in college, the two desisted from hugging as they both agreed they both were "too manly",<ref name="Freshman">"[[The Freshman]]"</ref> instead shaking hands which they later did when Oz returned.<ref>"[[New Moon Rising]]"</ref> A year later, Xander made a crude joke about sexbots only to earn glares from everyone, causing Xander to say "Too many girls. I miss Oz. He'd get it. He wouldn't say anything but ... he'd get it. "<ref name="IWasMadetoLoveYou">"[[I Was Made to Love You]]"</ref>
   
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*'''[[Jesse McNally]]''' — Before Buffy's arrival in Sunnydale, Xander, Willow, and Jesse were best friends united in their status as social outcasts. When Jesse was sired, Xander accidentally staked him when someone pushed Jesse onto a stake he was holding. Jesse's death left a strong impression on Xander and fueled his unconditional belief that vampires are no longer who they were when human and as demons deserve to die.
35 languages are officially recognized in Russia in various regions by local governments.
 
   
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[[File:Hug_the_Pack_xander_Willow.jpg|thumb|Xander and Willow, friends since they were children.]]
[[File:Linguistic map of the Altaic, Turkic and Uralic languages (en).png|thumb|Distribution of [[Uralic languages|Uralic]], [[Altaic languages|Altaic]], and [[Yukaghir languages]]]]
 
  +
*'''[[Willow Rosenberg]]''' — Xander briefly "dated" Willow in elementary school but they "broke up" after he stole her Barbie.<ref name="WelcomeToTheHellmouth" /> Afterward, they remained friends for years and Willow retained a hopeless crush on him. A fact that Xander was apparently unaware of, as he often asked her for advice to win Buffy's affection. Willow forced herself to comply, as she already knew Xander didn't have a chance with her.<ref name="IncaMummyGirl" /> After a boring summer in 1997, Xander and Willow shared a moment of tenderness which was interrupted with Buffy's return.<ref name="WhenSheWasBad" /> Xander's affection for Buffy eclipsed any feelings he had for Willow and he didn't pursue anything with her, much to Willow's disappointment. When asked of what he felt about her by Buffy, Xander told her he loves Willow but only as a friend. However, by the time he jumped into a relationship with Cordelia, it was clear that he did indeed hold unresolved feelings for his best friend, as he displayed jealousy towards Oz<ref name="Phases" /> during their senior year, Willow and Xander started an affair, cheating on their respective others. Willow was consumed with guilt over this, even attempting a "de-lusting" spell until stopped by Xander. He had confessed to her that he wasn't sure why he was doing this, but he felt like he really saw her for the first time ever. Nevertheless, their tryst was ended permanently after being caught by Oz and Cordelia,<ref name="LoversWalk" /> as both were too guilty to do such a thing again. Interestingly enough, Willow and Xander were seen in a relationship in the [[Wishverse]], both vampires.<ref name="Wish" /> Afterward, Xander and Willow's relationship reverted back to strong, solid friendship with nothing else attached. Xander's friendship with Willow briefly became strained, as she expressed her dislike of Anya and how he was never without her around. However, both simultaneously turned against Buffy and disagreed that she would not allow them to help her against Adam. Xander was also informed of Willow's relationship with Tara, greatly shocked.<ref name="The Yoko Factor">"[[The Yoko Factor]]"</ref> Invaded by the First Slayer, Xander had dreamed of Willow and Tara intimately with each other, as well as asking him to come to them. Despite his established platonic relationship with Willow, he had agreed only to of course end up losing them.<ref name="Restless">"[[Restless]]"</ref> Willow's dislike of Anya would manifest to the point the two would drag Xander along with their arguments, much to his annoyance because he didn't want to choose sides. During a conversation with Spike, Xander admitted he felt torn because Willow was his best friend and he really valued her opinion despite his love for Anya. He also mentioned how she did not understand what he saw in Anya and it upset him. However, his bonds with them were put on even grounds when Xander refused to sacrifice one of them to [[Olaf]] even though it meant dying himself.<ref name="Triangle" /> When she resolved to resurrect Buffy after her second death, Xander was not as fixed on it as Willow was. He openly admitted it felt wrong to him and worried about the consequences.<ref name="Bargaining, Part One" /> After seeing the full extent of the dark magic she used, Xander became concerned and expressed disapproval of her doing such a dangerous ritual.<ref name="Bargaining, Part Two">"[[Bargaining, Part Two]]"</ref> Willow has reminisced on how attractive she thought Xander was.<ref name="HellsBells" /><ref name="LWH">''[[The Long Way Home]]''</ref> It was also later revealed that Willow had at one point wrote angst-filled poems over her unrequited crush on Xander but when questioned of this later in life, she politely stated: "I'm over you, sweetie."<ref>"[[Help]]"</ref> Ultimately, while the two are not ''in'' a relationship, they do have a great deal of platonic love for each other. This was pointed out repeatedly when Xander told Dark Willow that he loved "crayon-breaky Willow" just as much as "dark, veiny Willow" which ultimately stopped her from destroying the world, showing how strong and deep their bond is.<ref name="Grave" /> However, when Willow and the others discovered Xander's betrayal, she was definitely disappointed, saying that they could have gotten the magic, although she was not as furious as Buffy was.
[[File:Fenno-Ugrian languages.png|thumb|Geographical distribution of [[Finno-Ugric peoples|Finno-Ugric]] and [[Samoyedic peoples]]]]
 
[[File:Caucasus-ethnic en.svg|thumb|[[Languages of the Caucasus|Ethnolinguistic groups]] in the [[Caucasus]] region]]
 
   
  +
*'''[[Tara Maclay]]''' — Xander and Tara were good friends; Xander described Tara as one of his three favorite girls.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
!Language!!Language family!!Federal subject(s)!!Source
 
|-
 
|[[Abaza language|Abaza]] || [[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest Caucasian]] || {{flag|Karachay-Cherkessia}}||<ref name="KarCherk">{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/cons_karach/chapter/1/#block_11|title=Конституция Карачаево-Черкесской Республики от 5 марта 1996 г. / Глава 1. Основы конституционного строя|publisher=}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|[[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || [[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest Caucasian]] || {{flag|Adygea}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/cons_adig/chapter/1/#block_5|title=Конституция Республики Адыгея (принята на XIV сессии Законодательного Собрания (Хасэ) – Парламента Республики Адыгея 10 марта 1995 года) / Глава 1. Права и свободы человека и гражданина|publisher=}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|[[Altai language|Altai]] || [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] || {{flag|Altai Republic}} || <ref name="Altai">{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/cons_altai/chapter/1/#block_13|title=Конституция Республики Алтай (Основной Закон) (принята 7 июня 1997 г.) / Глава I. Общие положения|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="LawAltai">Закон Республики Алтай «О языках». [http://zakon.scli.ru/ru/legal_texts/legislation_RF/printable.php?do4=document&id4=d2599158-01ed-47a8-8227-3057d6dbed48 Глава I, статья 4] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925163436/http://zakon.scli.ru/ru/legal_texts/legislation_RF/printable.php?do4=document&id4=d2599158-01ed-47a8-8227-3057d6dbed48 |date=September 25, 2015}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|[[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] || [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] || {{flag|Bashkortostan}}||;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/cons_bashkor/chapter/1/#block_4001|title=Конституция Республики Башкортостан от 24 декабря 1993 г. N ВС-22/15 / Глава 1. Основы конституционного строя Республики Башкортостан|publisher=}}</ref> see also [[Law on the language of the people of the Republic of Bashkortostan|regional law]]
 
|-
 
|[[Buryat language|Buryat]] || [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] || {{flag|Buryatia}} ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/cons_buryat/chapter/3/#block_67|title=Конституция Республики Бурятия (принята Верховным Советом Республики Бурятия 22 февраля 1994 г.) / Глава 3. Государственно-правовой статус Республики Бурятия|publisher=}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|[[Chechen language|Chechen]] || [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]] || {{flag|Chechnya}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/cons_chech/chapter/1/#block_10|title=Конституция Чеченской Республики (принята 23 марта 2003 г.) / Глава 1. Основы конституционного строя|publisher=}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|[[Cherkess language|Cherkess]] ||[[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest Caucasian]]|| {{flag| Karachay-Cherkessia}} || <ref name="KarCherk" />
 
|-
 
|[[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] || [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] || {{flag|Chuvashia}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/cons_chuvash/chapter/1/#block_8|title=Конституция Чувашской Республики (принята Государственным Советом Чувашской Республики 30 ноября 2000 г.) / Глава 1. Основы конституционного строя Чувашской Республики|publisher=}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|[[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] || [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] || {{flag|Republic of Crimea}}|| <ref name="Crimea">{{cite web | url=http://www.rg.ru/printable/2014/05/06/krim-konstituciya-reg-dok.html | title=Constitution of the Republic of Crimea | publisher=State Council, Republic of Crimea | work=Article 10 | date=April 11, 2014 | accessdate=October 14, 2014 | language=Russian language}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|[[Erzya language|Erzya]] || [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] || {{flag|Mordovia}} || <ref name="Mordovia">{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/cons_mordov/chapter/1/#block_14|title=Конституция Республики Мордовия (принята 21 сентября 1995 г.) / Глава 1. Основы конституционного строя Республики Мордовия (п.п. 1 – 13)|publisher=}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|[[Ingush language|Ingush]] || [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]] || {{flag|Ingushetia}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/cons_ingush/|title=Конституция Республики Ингушетия (принята 27 февраля 1994 г.)|publisher=}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|[[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] || [[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest Caucasian]] || {{flag|Kabardino-Balkaria}}|| <ref name="KabBalk">{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/cons_kabardin/chapter/3/#block_76|title=Конституция Кабардино-Балкарской Республики от 1 сентября 1997 г. N 28-РЗ (принята Парламентом Кабардино-Балкарской Республики 1 сентября 1997 г.) (в редакции, принятой Конституционным Собранием 12 июля 2006 г., республиканских законов от 28 июля 2001 г. / Глава III Государственное устройство|publisher=}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|[[Kalmyk language|Kalmyk]] || [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] || {{flag|Kalmykia}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/cons_kalmik/#block_18|title=Степное Уложение (Конституция) Республики Калмыкия от 5 апреля 1994 г.|publisher=}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|[[Karachay-Balkar language|Karachay-Balkar]] || [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] || {{flag|Kabardino-Balkaria}}<br />{{flag|Karachay-Cherkessia}} || <ref name="KarCherk" /><ref name="KabBalk" />
 
|-
 
|[[Khakas language|Khakas]] || [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] || {{flag|Khakassia}} ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/cons_hakas/chapter/3/#block_69|title=Конституция Республики Хакасия (принята на XVII сессии Верховного Совета Республики Хакасия (первого созыва) 25 мая 1995 года) / Глава III. Статус и административно-территориальное устройство Республики Хакасия|publisher=}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|[[Komi language|Komi]] || [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] || {{flag|Komi Republic}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/cons_komi/chapter/3/#block_67|title=Конституция Республики Коми от 17 февраля 1994 г. / Глава III. Государственный статус Республики Коми и административно-территориальное устройство|publisher=}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|[[Hill Mari]] || [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] || {{flag|Mari El}} || <ref name="Mari-El">{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/cons_mariy/chapter/1/#block_1150|title=Конституция Республики Марий Эл (принята Конституционным Собранием Республики Марий Эл 24 июня 1995 г.) / Глава I. Основы конституционного строя|publisher=}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|[[Meadow Mari]] || [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] || {{flag|Mari El}} || <ref name="Mari-El" />
 
|-
 
|[[Moksha language|Moksha]] || [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] || {{flag|Mordovia}} || <ref name="Mordovia" />
 
|-
 
|[[Nogai language|Nogai]] || [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]||{{flag|Karachay-Cherkessia}} || <ref name="KarCherk" />
 
|-
 
|[[Ossetic language|Ossetic]] || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || {{flag|North Ossetia–Alania}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/cons_osetiya/chapter/1/#block_15|title=Конституция Республики Северная Осетия-Алания (принята Верховным Советом Республики Северная Осетия 12 ноября 1994 г.) / Глава 1. Основы конституционного строя|publisher=}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|[[Tatar language|Tatar]] || [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] || {{flag|Tatarstan}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/cons_tatar/chapter/1/#block_8|title=Конституция Республики Татарстан от 6 ноября 1992 г. / Глава 1. Государственный Совет Республики Татарстан|publisher=}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|[[Tuvan language|Tuvаn]] || [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] || {{flag|Tuva}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/cons_tiva/chapter/1/#block_5|title=Конституция Республики Тыва (принята Референдумом Республики Тыва 6 мая 2001 г.) / Глава I. Основы конституционного строя|publisher=}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|[[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] || [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] || {{flag|Udmurtia}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/cons_udmurt/chapter/1/#block_9|title=Конституция Удмуртской Республики от 7 декабря 1994 г. / Глава 1. Основы Конституционного строя|website=constitution.garant.ru}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] || [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] || {{flag|Republic of Crimea}} || <ref name="Crimea" />
 
|-
 
|[[Yakut language|Yakut]] || [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] || {{flag|Sakha Republic}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/cons_saha/chapter/3/#block_46|title=Конституция (Основной Закон) Республики Саха (Якутия) / Глава 3. Национально-государственный статус, административно-территориальное устройство|publisher=}}</ref>
 
|}
 
   
  +
[[File:Buffy xander.jpg|thumb|Xander and Buffy were always close friends.|200x200px]]
===Religion===
 
  +
*'''[[Buffy Summers]]''' — Seeing her on her first day at Sunnydale High, causing him to crash into a railing, literally falling head over heels.<ref name="WelcomeToTheHellmouth" /> He carried an obvious attraction and a very strong crush on her. However, Buffy was oblivious (Xander describing himself as "invisible" when to come to her) and ignored it, even when Xander had given her a bracelet.<ref>"[[Witch (episode)|Witch]]"</ref> Xander finally worked up the courage to ask Buffy out, only to be rejected by her as she did not carry the same feelings.<ref name="ProphecyGirl" /> Despite this, Xander feelings for her remained strong and he elicited poorly hidden jealousy on many occasions of the men that Buffy actually paid attention to, Angel in particular. He had noted in annoyance that guys like them could get what they want (Buffy) without any real effort, unlike him.<ref>"[[Reptile Boy]]"</ref> Xander eventually entered a relationship with Cordelia, but still held unresolved feelings towards Buffy as well as Willow. Cordy noted this, especially expressing jealousy when Xander was determined to protect Buffy while in the hospital.<ref>"[[Killed by Death]]"</ref> When under the love spell that made every woman in Sunnydale become infatuated with him, Buffy heavily flirted with Xander and even showed up in wearing nothing but a coat. Xander appeared to be tempted by Buffy's advances, even completely forgetting Cordelia for a moment. But in the end, he repelled her attempts despite his own feelings as she wasn't herself and it wouldn't mean anything to her. Buffy was immensely grateful that he didn't take advantage of the situation once the spell was broken.<ref name="BewitchedBotheredBewildered" /> When Buffy started college, Xander consoled a confused and lost Buffy, genuinely telling her that she was his hero and whenever he was in peril or scared, he always wondered what she would do in that situation. He also easily admitted that when it was dark and he was alone, he sometimes wondered what she was ''wearing'', causing her to seriously tell him to never elaborate on that.<ref name="Freshman" /> While undercover in the Initiative, Xander had attempted to make out with Buffy so they wouldn't "draw attention". Buffy immediately pushed him off, greatly annoyed since that would only draw more attention to themselves. Xander was embarrassed but remained unrepentant and defensive of his mistake.<ref>"[[Goodbye Iowa]]"</ref> When told by Spike that Buffy and Willow had suggested him joining the army, he had believed the lie. He ranted on how they thought they were better than him because of their "college life" while he struggled to find direction and make a living for himself. Xander had furiously turned against Buffy (along with Willow) when she had said it was too dangerous for them to fight with her. He had insulted Buffy as "superior" and having no respect for any of them, misinterpreting her concern as a demonstration of how little she needed them. Buffy was alarmed and hurt at how easily everyone was targeting her, saying she understood now why slayers didn't have friends.<ref name="The Yoko Factor" /> After making peace with her and united together with a spell to defeat Adam,<ref name="Primeval" /> Xander was given a fairly telling dream over his relationship with Buffy through the First Slayer. He viewed Buffy playing in a sandbox and warned her not to play in it because it was a "really big sandbox", and that she could not always protect herself. This was showcasing Xander's extreme loyalty and protectiveness of Buffy, seeing her as someone that needed to be taken care of, and nurtured. Buffy then replied gratefully "I'm way ahead of you, Big brother", since that was how she saw him in her life. Xander was shocked and slightly disappointed at her declaration, but he soon realized completely that his protectiveness towards Buffy was no longer driven by romantic attachment. Rather, that of brother caring for his sister.<ref name="Restless" /> During a discussion with Riley about their respective relationships, Xander stated he envied Riley sometimes, clarifying "I mean for the sanity. Not that I'm still into Buffy. Not that I ever was."<ref name="Replacement" /> Nevertheless, though losing his romantic attachment to her, he retained his protectiveness over her and was a common source of support. However, Xander had bluntly pointed out why Buffy's relationship had failed and how she had constantly been treating him like he was just convenient despite how much Riley was in love with her. Buffy was grateful towards his words in the end, and had immediately tried to stop him from leaving but was ultimately too late.<ref name="Into the Woods" /> When Buffy was upset to gain Spike's attention and believed to be something wrong with her, Xander honestly said that she had a great heart and that the right person would see her for what she is someday, insisting that she should just "be Buffy." Buffy was touched by this gesture and hugged him out of gratitude. He would also dance with her at a party in an effort to cheer her up.<ref name="I Was Made to Love You">"[[I Was Made to Love You]]"</ref> When informed of Spike's feelings for her, Xander was initially greatly amused by it but upon seeing how unsettled Buffy was over it, took it more seriously. His protectiveness of her increased and he showed stronger contempt and distrust towards him.<ref name="Forever" /><ref name="I Was Made to Love You" /> Assuming Buffy was involved with Spike due to a sighting of the Buffybot, Xander did his best to express understanding and believed her mother's death had been what drove her to sleep with Spike. He would also reinforce his deep protectiveness of Buffy, threatening to kill Spike if he had to since he would do anything to protect her.<ref name="Intervention">"[[Intervention]]"</ref> After leaving Sunnydale while on the run from Glory, Xander began to worry about the stress she was put under and whether or not she was thinking with a clear head. He, however, was reassured by Giles she would be fine.<ref name="Spiral">"[[Spiral]]"</ref> When Buffy sacrificed herself to save the world, Xander was in shock and dazed at seeing her dead body.<ref name="The Gift" /> He went along with Willow's resurrection despite his misgivings because of his desire to have Buffy back,<ref name="Bargaining, Part One" /> but was angered and guilty that she had to dig out of her own grave.<ref name="Bargaining, Part Two" /> Xander and Buffy's friendship briefly became strained at the realization that Buffy had been sleeping with Spike, showing disgust and anger that she had lied to him and didn't tell him.<ref name="Entropy" /> They came to reconcile when Xander admitted he wouldn't have reacted with understanding if she told him earlier anyway and acknowledged how hard it was for her return from [[Heaven]].<ref name="SeeingRed" /> Xander also defended Buffy from the Potentials, bluntly telling them in a speech that he saw her heart and that she cares about people more than any of them will know which touched Buffy and surprised Faith.<ref name="DirtyGirls" /> Buffy and Xander became closer after the destruction of Sunnydale as he was often there as a source of comfort in her loneliness that year. Despite being mostly identified as just friends, Buffy was shown in a dream to attempt a less-than-platonic kiss on him (which promptly caused his head to pop off his shoulders in her dream), and it was implied they once slept in the same bed.<ref name="LWH" /> When she lost her powers, Buffy and Xander shared a tender moment in a field.<ref name="Retreat" /> She eventually realized that she did actually like Xander romantically but when confessing this to Xander, he declined her feelings, explaining that it might have made a difference a couple of years ago and if she actually meant it. Buffy was annoyed with this statement but he again explained that her feelings are probably due to loneliness and her need for stability. He also stated it was hard to believe her after so many years and the fact that she jumps to her best friend right after experimenting with [[Satsu]]. When told by Xander that he now truly loved Dawn, Buffy, though upset and regretful, accepted his rejection, not wanting to take him away from her sister.<ref name="Turbulence" /> Despite this, Xander had explored her new-found superpowers with her and had teasingly said: "And you're really cute with a spunky personality that beats the bad guys."<ref name="Twilight">''[[Twilight (story arc)|Twlight]]''</ref> After Xander's attempted killing of Angel after his murder of Giles, Xander relented when Buffy stopped him and tearfully begged him not to do this as she could not bear losing anyone else, especially Xander himself by betraying his very being.<ref name="TW" /> Following the [[end of magic]], Buffy and Xander's friendship becomes more distant, causing her to again feel isolated.<ref name="BuffyS9">''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Nine]]''</ref> After briefly resuming their previous closeness,<ref name="ReferenceA" /> this quickly fell apart afterward when Dawn fell into an irreversible coma and was on the road to her death. Emotionally frustrated and worked up, Xander let out all of his pent-up resentment towards Buffy the entire year. He harshly blamed her for her sister being near-death and then coldly criticizing his friend for sleeping with Angel (the catalyst that led too much of these consequences). Miserable and guilty, Buffy promised him they would help save Dawn despite Xander's unforgiving attitude towards her.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> Not willing to forgive Buffy (mostly due to her constant claim that this was not her fault) or see reason, Xander left and went for a walk. Struggling with incompetence and the looming loss he was facing, he agreed to team up with Buffy's enemies [[Severin]] and [[Simone]] as through Illyria's stolen powers, he bribed him by saying he could find a way to reverse the effects of Twilight In a moment of weakness, he accepted despite his reluctance to betray Buffy, tired of "watching those he loves die".<ref name="TW" /> Oddly, Xander had, for the most part, told Buffy the truth anyway about the proposition Severin had offered of the reversal Twilight and was shown to be exceptionally hurt and angry that she had naturally assumed he would betray her. He denied this and reminded her that she once killed herself to save Dawn's life and he could not forget this. Nevertheless, Xander was shown playing both sides. Giving information to Severin and Simone over Buffy's next move involving the [[Deeper Well]] while giving ''her'' information on them.<ref name="The Core, Part One" /> However, Xander's resolve and certainty in his plan cracked when Buffy and Willow resolved to continue their way through the Deeper Well. He panicked and protested against it, certain they would die if the moved forward. When neither of them budged, a guilty Xander willingly told them over his betrayal and pact with Severin. Buffy was particularly hurt and betrayed by this and when it became clear that going back in time would create reality tears in the universe, she was furious and harshly said to Xander that she once again had to save the world, this time because of his mistakes.<ref name="The Core, Part Two" /> Buffy continued to express her anger and betrayal towards him, even holding her [[scythe]] to her throat longer than necessary when he appeared to her suddenly. Xander was angry, admitting that he did screw up by making a pact with Severin and Simone, but he wasn't the only one. He pointed out that all of them made wrong choices that led them to the Deeper Well so they all had some blame involved in it. Buffy's attitude softened somewhat, but still did not fully forgive him.<ref name="The Core, Part Three" />
{{Main article|Religion in Russia|Consecration of Russia}}
 
{{Bar box
 
|title=Religion in Russia as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas">[http://sreda.org/en/arena "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia"]. Sreda, 2012.</ref><ref name="2012Arena-religion-maps">[http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps]. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg Archived].</ref>
 
|float=right
 
|bars=
 
{{Bar percent|[[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodoxy]]|DarkOrchid|41.1}}
 
{{Bar percent|Other [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]|MediumOrchid|1.8}}
 
{{Bar percent|Other [[Christianity in Russia|Christians]]|DeepSkyBlue|4.5}}
 
{{Bar percent|[[Islam in Russia|Islam]]|Green|6.6}}
 
{{Bar percent|[[Buddhism in Russia|Buddhism]]|Yellow|0.5}}
 
{{Bar percent|[[Rodnovery]] and other native faiths|Red|1.2}}
 
{{Bar percent|[[Spiritual but not religious]]|Gray|25.2}}
 
{{Bar percent|[[Atheism]] and [[irreligion]]|Black|13}}
 
{{Bar percent|Other and undeclared|DarkSlateGray|6.1}}
 
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[[File:Eggink VelKnVladimir.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Ivan Eggink's painting represents Vladimir listening to the Orthodox priests, while the [[papal]] envoy stands aside in discontent]]
 
[[File:Vasnetsov Bapt Vladimir.jpg|thumb|''The Baptism of Vladimir'', a fresco by [[Viktor Vasnetsov]]]]
 
Russians have practised [[Orthodox Christianity]] since the 10th century. According to the historical traditions of the Orthodox Church, [[Christianity]] was first brought to the territory of modern [[Belarus]], Russia and [[Ukraine]] by [[Saint Andrew]], the first [[Apostle (Christian)|Apostle]] of [[Jesus Christ]].<ref name="encarta">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007 |title=Russia |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569000_6/Russia.html |accessdate=December 27, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109010927/https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569000_6/Russia.html |archivedate=January 9, 2008}}</ref> Following the ''Primary Chronicle'', the definitive [[Christianization]] of [[Kievan Rus']] dates from the year 988 (the year is disputed<ref>Oleg Rapov, ''Russkaya tserkov v IX–pervoy treti XII veka'' (''The Russian Church from the 9th to the First 3rd of the 12th Century''). Moscow, 1988.</ref>), when [[Vladimir the Great]] was baptized in [[Chersonesus]] and proceeded to baptize his family and people in [[Kiev]]. The latter events are traditionally referred to as the "baptism of Rus'" ({{lang-ru|Крещение Руси}}, {{lang-ua|Хрещення Русі}}) in Russian and Ukrainian literature. Much of the Russian population, like other Slavic peoples, preserved for centuries a double belief (''dvoeverie'') in both indigenous religion and Orthodox Christianity.
 
   
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[[File:Btvs-primeval_xander_riley.jpg|thumb|Riley and Xander always got along good as friends.]]
At the time of the [[Russian revolution|1917 Revolution]], the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] was deeply integrated into the [[autocracy|autocratic state]], enjoying official status. This was a significant factor that contributed to the Bolshevik attitude to religion and the steps they took to control it. Bolsheviks consisted of many people with non-Russian, Communist Russians and influential Jewish backgrounds such as [[Vladimir Lenin]], [[Leon Trotsky]], [[Grigory Zinoviev]], [[Lev Kamenev]], [[Grigori Sokolnikov]] who were indifferent towards Christianity and based on the writings of Jewish philosopher [[Karl Marx]] with [[Marxism–Leninism]] as an ideology went on to form the [[Communist party]].<ref name="PoU">{{Citation |publisher = Studia Historica 48 |isbn = 951-710-008-6 |publication-place = Helsinki |title = The Party of Unbelief |url = https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25433417M/The_Party_of_Unbelief |author = [[Arto Luukkanen]] |publication-date = 1994 |oclc = 832629341 |id =}}</ref>
 
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*'''[[Riley Finn]]''' — Unlike Buffy's previous long-term boyfriend, Xander showed no jealously to Riley despite his previous crush on Buffy. Still, Xander had once described Riley as a "Teutonic boy toy"<ref name="Initiative" /> and "okay in an oafish sort of way."<ref>"[[The I in Team]]"</ref> Like the rest of Scooby Gang (excluding Buffy) were suspicious of Riley's affiliation with the Initiative. In awe of the military compound and Buffy's easy access to it, Xander once remarked jokingly "Can I have sex with Riley, too?" while he and Buffy intercepted the Initiative, earning a pointed glare from Buffy.<ref>"[[Goodbye Iowa]]"</ref> When Riley was dealing with Buffy's relationship with Angel, Xander had shared with him why Angel left and that his trigger for turning evil was sleeping with Buffy. Upon the realization that Buffy had omitted this detail and that Riley assumed she had slept with him again during her visit in L.A., Xander tried to make him feel better. He told him that Buffy's time with Angel was "ancient history" and there was no way Buffy would sleep with him again. Riley was grateful for the reassurance, though still privately doubted it. Xander had also loaned him some of his clothes when he was running low.<ref name="The Yoko Factor" /> Like Oz, the Xander and Riley bonded over the fact they were the only two males in Buffy's circle of friends (excluding Giles and Spike). Riley even helped him move boxes out of the basement. They discussed their respective relationships, causing Riley to admit to him that he was in love with Buffy. Despite this, he confessed to Xander that he knew Buffy didn't love him back. Xander seemed to agree with this statement, casting Riley sympathetic glances when the two kissed.<ref name="Replacement" /> When Riley's insecurities culminated into reckless behavior, Xander was the most sympathetic, vaguely mentioning that Riley felt Buffy did not return his feelings. However, Buffy and the entire group were oblivious to his insinuations.<ref>"[[Out of My Mind]]"</ref> Riley and Xander would also playfully engage in a mock fight while helping Buffy move out of her college dorm, only to be stopped under the request of Buffy and Giles.<ref>"[[Family]]"</ref> Xander would also express slight admiration of Riley, admitting that he wishes he was as cool as him.<ref>"[[Fool for Love]]"</ref> Xander became increasingly annoyed and worried by Riley's newfound reckless behavior,<ref>"[[Shadow]]"</ref><ref>"[[Listening to Fear]]"</ref> but had nonetheless fully defended him when Buffy was reluctant to chase after him when he decided to join the military. Xander had insisted Riley would do anything for Buffy and that he was the type of person you only find "once in a lifetime" which was why she should try to stop him if she truly believed she could love him at some point. Thanks to him, Buffy had tried to stop him from leaving her but by then the helicopter had already taken off.<ref>"[[Into the Woods]]"</ref> After Riley left, Xander didn't miss him extremely but found it hard to believe he had actually left the Scooby Gang. He was also particularly bothered he had forgotten to give him a crescent wrench before he had left.<ref name="Triangle" /> When Riley returned, Xander was happy to see him and the two hugged as Riley left once more.<ref>"[[As You Were]]"</ref> A few years later during a conversation with Buffy, Xander described Riley as a "brainy guy" and when Buffy called him a "fanboy" Xander replied "Your only boyfriend that was never a psychotic demon? I was ''always'' Team Riley."<ref name="Turbulence" />
   
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*'''[[Andrew Wells]]''' — Despite their previous clashes when Andrew was with the Trio, Andrew and Xander eventually developed a nerdy camaraderie due to their mutual love of science fiction and comic books. Andrew once ignored Willow and [[Kennedy]] making out to appreciate Xander's work on the windows, and thoughtfully described him as "extraordinary". He later watched an interview he had recorded with Xander and Anya, mimicking Anya's "lines" as though he was talking to Xander.<ref name="Storyteller">"[[Storyteller]]"</ref> Xander, while initially dismissing Andrew as "annoying," became fond of him over time, sending him a mbuna fish as a present when Xander was supposedly in Africa.<ref name="Damage" /> While training his Slayers in Italy, Andrew remained in frequent contact with the Scotland-based Xander.<ref name="LWH" />
Thus the USSR became one of the first [[communist]] states to proclaim, as an ideological objective, the [[state atheism|elimination of religion]]<ref name="Kowalewski">{{cite journal|last=Kowalewski|first=David|title=Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences|journal=Russian Review|date=October 1980|volume=39|issue=4|pages=426–441|jstor=128810|doi=10.2307/128810|via=[[JSTOR]]|registration=y}}</ref> and its replacement with universal [[atheism]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ramet|first=Sabrina Petra. (Ed)|title=Religious Policy in the Soviet Union|year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=John|title=Religion, State and Politics in the Soviet Union and Successor States|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-46784-5|pages=3}}</ref> The communist government ridiculed religions and their believers, and propagated atheism in schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/anti.html |title=Anti-religious Campaigns |publisher=Loc.gov |date= |accessdate=September 19, 2011}}</ref> The confiscation of religious assets was often based on accusations of illegal accumulation of wealth.
 
   
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*'''[[Dracula]]''' — Initially, Dracula took on Xander as an emissary to spy on Buffy for him in the daylight, while calling him "strange and off-putting". Buffy was able to defeat him and Dracula went on his way. After the destruction of Sunnydale, Dracula became lonely and again put Xander under his thrall. The two became strange friends, with Dracula calling Xander "manservant" and Xander teaching him how to ride a motorbike. After living in [[Dracula's castle]] for the unknown part of a year, Buffy liberated Xander from Dracula once again. They didn't meet again until Xander came to him for help against a group of Japanese vampires. Dracula expressed disgust at the slayers and Xander's new love interest, Renee, but agreed to help. When Renee was killed in the Tokyo battle, Dracula handed over the vampire responsible for Xander to have his revenge. When Dracula came to San Francisco to investigate the powers of the [[new vampire]]s, Xander once again fell under Dracula's thrall. The two got away with the ''Vampyr'' book, which Xander wrote into that Dracula "became the most powerful vampire of all", unintentionally causing Dracula to transform into the [[Old One]] [[Maloker]]. Dracula urged the others to kill him, telling Xander it would mean a great deal to him if he was the one to put an end to it. Xander instead managed to reverse the transformation, and also broke the power Dracula had over everyone, including himself. Dracula took this to mean he and Xander would not be seeing each other again, but Xander assured him that they could still hang out, as long as it was as normal people, and the two parted on friendly terms.
State atheism in the Soviet Union was known in Russian as ''gosateizm'',<ref name="Kowalewski" /> and was based on the ideology of [[Marxism–Leninism]]. [[Marxist–Leninist atheism|Marxist–Leninist Atheism]] has consistently advocated the control, suppression, and elimination of religion. Within about a year of the revolution, the state [[expropriated]] all church property, including the churches themselves, and in the period from 1922 to 1926, 28 Russian Orthodox [[bishop]]s and more than 1,200 [[priest]]s were killed. Many more were persecuted.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://countrystudies.us/russia/38.htm Country Studies: Russia-The Russian Orthodox Church] U.S. Library of Congress, Accessed April 3, 2008</ref> After the collapse of the Soviet Union there has been a renewal of religions in Russia, and among Slavs various movements have emerged besides Christianity, including [[Rodnovery]] (native faith) and other forms of indigenous religion.
 
   
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===Familial===
Currently, there is no official census of religion in Russia, and estimates are based on surveys only. In 2012 the research organization Sreda published Arena Atlas, a detailed enumeration of religious populations and nationalities in Russia, based on a large-sample country-wide survey. They found that 46.8% of Russians declared themselves Christians (including 41% Russian Orthodox, 1.5% simply Orthodox or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches, 4.1% unaffiliated Christians, and less than 1% for both Catholic and Protestant), while 25% were [[spiritual but not religious]], 13% were atheists, 6.5% were [[Muslims]], 1.2% were followers of "traditional religions honoring gods and ancestors" (including [[Rodnovery]], [[Tengrism]] and other [[ethnic religions]]), and 0.5% were [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhists]]. However, later that year, the [[Levada Center]] estimated that 76% of Russians were Christians,<ref name="levada.ru">{{cite web|url=http://www.levada.ru/2012/12/17/v-rossii-74-pravoslavnyh-i-7-musulman|script-title=ru:Пресс выпуски – В России 74% православных и 7% мусульман|trans-title=Press releases – In Russia 74% are Orthodox and 7% are Muslims|language=ru|work=levada.ru|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=April 29, 2015}}</ref> and in June 2013, the Public Opinion Foundation<ref name="fom.ru">{{cite web|url=http://fom.ru/obshchestvo/10953|script-title=ru:Ценности: религиозность|trans-title=Values: Religious|language=ru|work=fom.ru|date=June 14, 2013|accessdate=April 29, 2015}}</ref> estimated that 65% of the population was Christian. These findings are in line with [[Pew Research Center]]'s 2011 estimate that 73.6% of Russians were Christians,<ref name="pewforum.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-exec/|title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population|work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|date=December 19, 2011|accessdate=April 29, 2015}}</ref> with [[Russian Public Opinion Research Center]] (VCIOM)'s 2010 survey (~77% Christian),<ref name="wciom.ru">{{cite web|url=http://wciom.ru/index.php?id=268&uid=13365|script-title=ru:ВЦИОМ: Социальное самочувствие россиян и экономические реалии: непересекающиеся пространства?|trans-title=MEETING OF THE SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL VCIOM: The social well-being of Russians and economic realities: a disjointed space?|language=ru|work=Russian Public Opinion Research Center|date=October 28, 2014|accessdate=April 29, 2015}}</ref> and with [[Ipsos MORI]]'s 2011 survey (69%).<ref name="fgi-tbff.org">{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://www.fgi-tbff.org/sites/default/files/elfinder/FGIImages/Research/fromresearchtopolicy/ipsos_mori_briefing_pack.pdf|title=Views on globalisation and faith|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013643/http://www.fgi-tbff.org/sites/default/files/elfinder/FGIImages/Research/fromresearchtopolicy/ipsos_mori_briefing_pack.pdf|archivedate=January 17, 2013|date=July 5, 2011|page=40}}</ref>
 
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* '''[[Jessica Harris]] and [[Anthony Harris]]''' — Xander has had a dysfunctional relationship with his parents since childhood, so much so Xander has rarely ever talked about them unless he was making fun of them in some way or another. His mother was a drunk and did not have any skill in cooking,<ref>"[[Out of Mind, Out of Sight]]"</ref> which amused Xander. His father Anthony verbally and physically abused Xander when he was drunk by alcohol, setting psychological scars on him.<ref name="Restless" /> Xander has also been seen to sleep outside of his parent's house during his high school years on Christmas Eve, wanting to avoid his parents' loud drunken fights.<ref>"[[Amends]]"</ref> They had also forced him to live in their basement after graduating from Sunnydale High, forcing him to pay rent even,<ref name="Freshman" /> showcasing his distant relationship with them. In a revealing dream of his because of the First Slayer, Xander feared he belonged in the basement and would never truly be someone in life. Snyder described him as a "whipping boy. Raised by mongrels and put on a sacrificial stone."<ref name="Restless" /> When Xander's drunken parents continued their dysfunctional cycle, he resolved to move out of the basement. Irritated, he sardonically said "I really need to find a new place. Something a little nicer. Buffy, you've been to Hell. They have one-bedrooms, right?"<ref name="Replacement" /> When Willow expressed a desire to reconnect with her own mother after Buffy's had died, Xander was against any serious bonding with his parents and had even preferred connecting to Willow's rather than them.<ref name="Forever" /> When Anya arranged Buffy to sit next to his family on her chart for the wedding, Xander had discouraged it, saying to her "Yeah, except we don't hate Buffy."<ref>"[[Gone]]"</ref> Despite his estranged relationship with his family, he had invited them to his wedding to Anya Jenkins, which only ended in embarrassment for him because of his drunken family members.<ref name="HellsBells" />
   
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*'''[[Rupert Giles]]''' — Xander first worked with librarian Rupert Giles and the other founding Scoobies at Sunnydale High, where he often comically commented on Giles' uptight, formal disposition. As an adolescent, he sometimes confided in Giles and was always surprised to learn about Giles' true past and life. He was shocked to discover Giles' history as "Ripper",<ref>"[[The Dark Age]]"</ref> and when he learned that Giles owned a television, he jokingly claimed: "He's shallow like the rest of us!"<ref name="HarshLight" /> In response, Giles tended to scorn Xander's rather juvenile approach to life.<ref>"[[Superstar]]"</ref> When Xander fell asleep while he was supposed to be watching over Oz on the full moon, he scolded him for his rashness and stupidity (though it's likely he was simply worried about his safety).<ref>"[[Beauty and the Beasts]]"</ref> Xander was also deeply disturbed when he saw Giles singing "Behind Blue Eyes" at the [[Espresso Pump]], seeing it as incredibly awkward and creepy. Anya, Willow, and Tara found it sexy, much to his horror and shock.<ref name="Where the Wild Things Are" /> Giles continued to clash with Xander's quirks. When Xander was split into his weaker and stronger parts, Giles even bluntly commented they were a bad influence on each other.<ref name="Replacement" /> Over the years, Xander came to view Giles in an almost parental way. Xander's insecurities about his own parents caused him to rely on Giles more and more as he grew into a young adult, at which time it became clear that they were quite fond of each other. They clashed less as Xander aged and matured. When Xander went to Scotland with Buffy and Willow, he took over as Buffy's [[Watcher]] during her separation from Giles. When he returned at the time of the [[Twilight]] incident, Xander discouraged him from doing any "rash acts of nobility" beforehand. Ironically, it was such an act that resulted in Giles' death at the hands of a Twilight-possessed Angel.<ref>''[[Last Gleaming, Part Five]]''</ref> Driven into a rage, Xander had immediately tried vengeance for Giles, coming extremely close to staking the vampire if not for Buffy. Xander would later reflect on his huge amount of uselessness when he had only been able to sit back and watch while Giles' neck was snapped.<ref name="TW" />
The most recent [[Pew Research Center]] finding was that in 2015 71% of the population of Russia declared itself Eastern Orthodox, 15% [[Irreligion|religiously unaffiliated]]—a category which includes [[atheists]], [[agnostics]] and those who describe their religion as “[[Nothing in Particular|nothing in particular]]”, 10% Muslim, and 2% other Christians, while 1% belonged to other faiths.<ref name="Religious Belief in Central and Eastern Europe">{{cite web|author=ANALYSIS |url=http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/10104119/CEUP-FULL-REPORT.pdf |title=Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe |date=May 10, 2017 |accessdate=May 12, 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513130508/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/10104119/CEUP-FULL-REPORT.pdf |archivedate=May 13, 2017 |df= }}</ref> The [[Irreligion|religiously unaffiliated]] divided between 4% as atheists, 1% as [[agnostics]] and 10% as [[Nothing in Particular|nothing in particular]].<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-affiliation/ Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe: 1. Religious affiliation]; [[Pew Research Center]], May 10, 2017</ref> The study cited that during the communist era the government repression of religion was widespread, and due to the [[Soviet anti-religious legislation]]; in 1991 37% of the population of Russia was Eastern Orthodox. After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] the affiliation to the Eastern Orthodox church have risen substantially and in 2015 about 71% of the population of Russia declared itself to be Eastern Orthodox, and the share of who identitied as religiously unaffiliated declined from a 61% in 1991 to 18% in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/|title=Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe|date=May 10, 2017|publisher=}}</ref>
 
[[File:Entry Processin.jpg|thumb|left|Procession of Tsar [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] into [[Dormition Cathedral, Moscow|Dormition Cathedral]] in Moscow during his [[Coronation of the Russian monarch|coronation]] in 1856]]
 
   
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*'''[[Joyce Summers]]''' — Joyce took a surrogate mother position to the entire Scooby Gang, including Xander. Though she had briefly flirted with him after Xander had Amy do a love spell, which affected all women around him.<ref name="BewitchedBotheredBewildered" /> He had also dreamed of Joyce hitting on him, but as did Willow and Tara.<ref name="Restless" /> Outside of these two instances, Xander saw Joyce as a mother figure and following her death, he was both angry and upset that Joyce passed him. He had punched the wall out of anger (creating a hole) and blamed it on the doctors messing up on Joyce's condition.<ref>"[[The Body]]"</ref>
Orthodox Christianity, [[Islam]], [[Judaism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[ethnic religion]]s are recognised as Russia's traditional religions, marking the country's "historical heritage".<ref>{{cite book|author=Rev. Canon Michael Bourdeaux|editor=Imogen Bell|title=Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EPP3ti4hysUC&pg=PA47|accessdate=April 29, 2015|edition=3|year=2002|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-85743-137-7|page=47|chapter=Trends in Religious Policy}}</ref>
 
   
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===Antagonistic===
Traced back to the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus']] in the 10th century, Russian Orthodoxy is the dominant religion in the country; smaller Christian denominations such as Catholics, [[Armenian Gregorians]] and various Protestant churches also exist. The Russian Orthodox Church was the country's state religion prior to the Revolution and remains the largest religious body in the country. An estimated 95% of the registered Orthodox parishes belong to the Russian Orthodox Church while there are a number of smaller Orthodox churches.<ref name="religare.ru">{{cite web |script-title=ru:Сведения о религиозных организациях, зарегистрированных в Российской Федерации по данным Федеральной регистрационной службы|trans-title=Data about religious organizations registered in Russian Federation according to Federal Migration Service records|url=http://www.religare.ru/2_36302.html|language=Russian language|date=December 19, 2006|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref> However, the vast majority of Orthodox believers do not attend church on a regular basis. Easter is the most popular religious holiday in Russia, celebrated by a large segment of the Russian population, including large numbers of those who are non-religious. More than three-quarters of the Russian population celebrate Easter by making traditional Easter cakes, coloured eggs and [[paskha (dish)|paskha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=8400|title=Over 90 percent of Russians are going to celebrate Easter anyway – poll|publisher=Interfax Religion|date=April 22, 2011|accessdate=November 2, 2011}}</ref>
 
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*'''[[Amy Madison]]''' — Amy and Xander knew each other from junior high through high school. However, contrary to Willow, it was a genuine friendship. Xander becomes wary when she becomes a witch. Although occasionally both became allied to create a love spell concerning a common nemesis, Cordelia. However, when Amy becomes an evil witch and [[Warren Mears]]'s girlfriend, Xander establish certain disdain on her.
[[File:Сергиев Посад. Троице-Сергиева лавра. 3.jpg|thumb|[[Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius]], spiritual centre of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]]]
 
   
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*'''[[Larry Blaisdell]]''' — Larry was originally a jock who bullied Xander in high school. He had once tried to fight him after hearing Larry talk crudely about Buffy's possible performance in bed, only to feel emasculated as she instead pushed him to the wall roughly.<ref name="Halloween" /> However, their relationship changed due to a humorous misunderstanding while Xander was trying to investigate culprits in a murder. Larry admitted he was gay and became more comfortable with himself afterward (mistakenly believing Xander himself was a closet homosexual). This event greatly unnerved him, trying to correct his belief, but Xander never got the chance. Afterward, Xander resolved to never talk about it again.<ref name="Phases" /> They had a friendly relationship afterward, Larry continuing to believe Xander was gay.<ref name="GraduationDay1" />
Islam is the second largest religion in Russia after Russian Orthodoxy.<ref>{{cite book|title=Europe: Belarus, Russian Federation and Ukraine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wm3w1oGCaEoC&pg=PA1387|accessdate=April 29, 2015|series=World and Its Peoples|year=2010|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7900-0|page=1387|chapter=Russian Federation}}</ref> It is the traditional or predominant religion amongst some [[peoples of the Caucasus|Caucasian ethnicities]] (notably the [[Chechens]], the [[Ingush people|Ingush]] and the [[Circassians]]), and amongst some [[Turkic peoples]] (notably the [[Tatars]] and the [[Bashkirs]]).
 
   
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[[File:Xander&angelus.png|thumb|Xander faces Angelus when he went to visit Buffy.]]
Buddhism is traditional in three regions of the Russian Federation: [[Republic of Buryatia|Buryatia]], [[Tuva]], and [[Kalmykia]]. According to various reports, the proportion of [[irreligion|not religious]] people in Russia is between 16% and 48% of the population.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zuckerman |first=P. |chapter=Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns |title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism |editor=Michael Martin |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005}}</ref> According to recent studies, the proportion of atheists has significantly decreased over the decades after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.<ref name="2013 Belivers">{{cite web|url=http://www.sova-center.ru/religion/discussions/how-many/2013/01/d26201/|title=|last=|first=|date=January 15, 2013|website=|publisher=[[SOVA Center|SOVA Center for Information and Analysis]]|language=ru|script-title=ru:Социологи вновь посчитали верующих россиян|trans-title=Sociologists have counted Russian believers anew|accessdate=April 29, 2013}}</ref><ref name="GallupInt">{{cite web|url=http://redcresearch.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/RED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf |title=Global Index of Religion and Atheism |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher=[[Worldwide Independent Network/Gallup International Association]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812210929/http://redcresearch.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/RED-C-press-release-Religion-and-Atheism-25-7-12.pdf |archive-date=August 12, 2012 |dead-url=yes |accessdate=November 7, 2015}}</ref>
 
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*'''[[Angel]]''' — Xander was jealous of Buffy's love for Angel while Angel was, in turn, jealous of him. When first seeing him, Xander gained an immediate contempt and was suspicious because Buffy never told him that Angel was "buff" and "a very attractive man".<ref name="TeachersPet" /> When Buffy's was on the line, Xander hesitantly joined forces with Angel to save her and the two eventually worked together to fight vampires, despite this Xander did confirm that he saw Angel not as a person, but only as another vampire.<ref name="ProphecyGirl" /> Xander had also at one point given Angel the childish nickname of "Dead Boy", greatly annoying him. Xander had also shown to be discouraged when he had tried to order him to action, insulting him as bossy.<ref>"[[Lie to Me]]"</ref> As time went on, his attitude towards Angel softened somewhat and he leaped to the vampire's defense when [[Kendra Young|Kendra]] suggested killing him, saying "Angel's our friend! Except I don't like him,"<ref name="WhatsMyLine2" /> in addition to actually expressing concern about him when he goes missing and seeming relieved when he reappeared.<ref name="Innocence" /> After Angel lost his soul and became Angelus, Xander supported killing him rather than restoring his soul, even threatening Angelus that he would be there when the vampire was finally killed. When Willow attempted to restore Angel's soul, Xander deliberately did not tell Buffy in hopes that she would kill him. He was ostensibly angry about the death of Jenny Calendar, though it is unclear how much he was motivated by her death and how much by jealousy. But he was willing to help the gang restore his soul. Xander was then greatly jealous and judgmental when realizing Buffy had been tending to Angel in secret after stumbling on her making out with him, harshly criticizing her for harboring a murderer. In his jealousy, he had briefly agreed to kill him with Faith but later grudgingly defended him when coming across Giles being knocked out. He had not jumped to conclusions completely like her and explained that Angel wouldn't have been responsible, insisting it was not his style.<ref name="Revelations" /> His antagonism toward him seemed to briefly be pushed down as he was able to work with him without dislike<ref>"[[Doppelgangland]]"</ref> and was quickly friendly with him while on a "date" with a girl who only talked about cars but because the girl was annoying him.<ref name="Zeppo" /> However, after getting punched in the face by Angel (under the guise of Angelus), he had been bitter about it and immediately told everyone he was right all along about him, unaware that it was actually Angel and not Angelus who had hit him. This did not make him feel better when he found out, sarcastically saying it was a "good bruise" since he had still had his soul.<ref name="Enemies" /> Xander did seem concerned for Angel when he was struck by Faith and delirious, actively helping for Buffy's sake.<ref name="GraduationDay1" /> However, his dislike for him once again resurfaced. Xander was shown to be angry with him after realizing he had fed off Buffy, even claiming "Well, it's good to know that when the chips are down and things look grim, you'll feed off the girl who loves you to save your own ass!", making Angel even more guilty. But he understood him and was still willing to work with him. This event caused him to want Angel to really leave Sunnydale. When Xander was the "key" person against the Mayor, he was seen to be delighted that he could order him around, much to Angel's visible annoyance. Buffy was shown to be exasperated with this, comparing them to fighting old ladies.<ref name="GraduationDay2" /> After leaving to Los Angeles, Angel and Xander very briefly run into each other when he was trying to protect Buffy secretly because of [[Allen Francis Doyle|Doyle]]'s vision. Xander was shocked and had immediately assumed he was evil, comically offending Angel and but Angel wasn't and allied with him secretly. After Angel had finished his mission, Xander accidentally exposed his presence in Sunnydale, causing Buffy to go to Los Angeles.<ref name="Pangs" /> During a conversation with Riley, Xander admitted that he still hated the "guts" part of him. However, he didn't deny it when Riley said he hated him because of his distrust and fear of his curse, not a true dislike of who he was.<ref>"[[The Yoko Factor]]"</ref> Years later, when Angel's position as [[Twilight]] was exposed and he had been possessed into killing Giles in front of him, Xander had completely lost any restraint or tolerance of him. Despite his explanations of being possessed, he had ignored them and coldly retorted he always had excuses. Xander violently fought with Angel (who was barely defending himself), nearly succeeding in staking him with the slayer scythe. Despite his immense hatred and disgust towards him, he allowed him to live when Buffy stopped him under the grounds that he would lose himself as a person if he went through with it.<ref name="TW" /> However, they were later able to work together to defeat [[Archaeus]], and once the crisis was resolved, Xander made peace with Angel, citing his therapy sessions, as well as his belief that they had more in common than he realized, comparing his current relationship with Dawn to Angel's own struggles with Buffy choosing Spike over him.<ref>''[[Old Demons, Part Three]]''</ref>
   
  +
*'''[[Spike]]'''— Xander had always greatly disliked and distrusted Spike. When Giles had ordered Spike to be his roommate for some time, Xander was angry and indignant. He had tied Spike up to a chair every time he went to sleep, just in case he would try and bite him while he slept. Spike bluntly denied this, seeing him as too distasteful to bite, much to Xander's protest. When he had lost his voice, Xander had immediately seen Spike as responsible and later violently beat him up when he thought he had fed on Anya.<ref name="Hush" /> Spike continued to be of no help to Xander in cleaning up the basement and ordered him around constantly. Xander lost patience and launched a tirade against him, calling him useless and a complete waste of space that wasn't even worth the time to beat up, taunting him by saying he wasn't the Big Bad anymore. Spike attempted to commit suicide and stake himself, failing in the process. Xander made note of this and reprimanded him by saying he should've let him stake him since they've been through a lot in the basement, much to Willow's disapproval.<ref>"[[Doomed]]"</ref> Xander was immensely relieved and happy when Spike left to find his own crypt.<ref>"[[A New Man]]"</ref> When an angry and left out Anya went to Spike to hang out with and talk to, Xander was immediately jealous and taunted Spike. Amused, Spike returned with his own snark. Xander, however, got the upper hand when he raised his voice in the Initiative's party by calling him "Hostile 17". Spike naturally became jumpy and uncomfortable. When no attention was drawn to him, he left him to drink beer.<ref name="Where the Wild Things Are" /> Xander would later reluctantly loan him an outfit when he supposedly went to infiltrate the Initiative but mocked Spike by saying he really didn't care if anything happened to him. He did, however, believe Spike when he said Buffy and Willow had thought he was joining the army, successfully creating a wedge between Buffy's connection with her friends.<ref name="The Yoko Factor" /> Upon the realization that Spike had been working with Adam, Xander had been outraged, but then muttered he couldn't even act surprised that he had betrayed them.<ref name="Primeval" /> After moving out of his basement, Xander recalled when Spike had briefly lived with him, listing the event as one of the reasons why he hated the place.<ref name="Replacement" /> After an argument with Anya and Willow, Xander had run into Spike at [[The Bronze]]. He was immediately abrupt and harsh towards the vampire, telling him to leave him alone. When Spike had insisted on staying to annoy him, Xander had a brief moment of connection with him. They played pool together and Xander explained to Spike his problems with Anya and Willow. However, Spike was only interested in knowing whether or not Buffy blamed him for her break-up with Riley.<ref name="Triangle" /> When first told of Spike's obsession with Buffy, Xander laughed over it and even claimed he hoped it was true because then it would be even funnier. He mocked his feelings and didn't see Spike as having a genuine love for Buffy despite what he believed.<ref>"[[Crush]]"</ref> Being one of the most hostile towards Spike already, Xander quickly joined the Scoobies in ostracizing him over his feelings for her.<ref name="I Was Made to Love You" /> When Spike had left flowers for Joyce, Xander had assumed he was trying to get points with Buffy and refused to allow him to bring them in. He was extremely hostile towards him and expressed his strong contempt of Spike's feelings through his protectiveness for Buffy. Upon realizing that he left the flowers anonymous, Xander was shocked.<ref name="Forever" /> He would also threaten Spike when he wrongly believed he was involved with Buffy and reminded him that he would do anything to protect her, along with the rest of her friends even if that meant killing him. However, Xander felt some sympathy for Spike after getting so beat up by Glory and getting his "favorite toy" taken away from him.<ref name="Intervention" /> Despite this, Xander was against the decision of letting Spike protect Dawn from Glory under Buffy's orders and openly threatened to throw him out of the Winnebago in daylight. However, he was able to have a benign conversation with him over their situation, though he nonetheless said he didn't like him.<ref name="Spiral" /> Xander was also angry when Spike had slapped Buffy in an attempt to get her out of her catatonia and had even punched him, only to be separated by Willow.<ref>"[[The Weight of the World]]"</ref> However, Xander's antagonism softened slightly, shown with how he allowed Spike to be Dawn's babysitter on a regular basis during Buffy's death.<ref name="Bargaining, Part One" /> He was especially suspicious of Spike after his attempted rape of Buffy, even after Spike regained his soul. He also resented Spike for having sex with Anya even though he was broken up with her at the time, even almost killing a defenseless Spike in a jealous rage before being stopped by Anya.<ref name="Entropy" /> However, the two later worked together effectively because of a shared concern for Dawn's well-being.<ref>"[[Him]]"</ref> The enmity between the two appeared to have faded after a while when Spike saved Xander and the rest of the Scoobies' lives in the Hellmouth<ref name="Chosen" /> and later in Tibet.<ref name="Twilight4">''[[Twilight, Part Four]]''</ref> It's safe to assume that Xander did still dislike Spike, as he did not invite him in his apartment under normal circumstances which forced Buffy to talk to him outside.<ref name="LG" /> When Spike called him during his time in the [[Deeper Well]], Xander was mostly unfriendly towards him. However, he nonetheless seemed to appreciate he had told him of [[Simone]]'s plan and Dawn rapidly disappearing. In turn, Spike had Xander listed under the name "Wanker" in his cell phone.<ref name="The Core, Part Three" /> Recently, their antagonism was transformed into a real friendship. When Spike denied Buffy's renewed feelings, Xander council him to try this relation, reuniting the two lovers.
In cultural and social affairs Vladimir Putin has collaborated closely with the Russian Orthodox Church. [[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow]], head of the Church, endorsed his election in 2012. Steven Myers reports, "The church, once heavily repressed, had emerged from the Soviet collapse as one of the most respected institutions... Now Kiril led the faithful directly into an alliance with the state."<ref>{{cite book|author=Myers|title=The New Tsar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PO4DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA404|year=2016|page=404}}</ref> Mark Woods provides specific examples of how the Church under [[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow]] has backed the expansion of Russian power into Crimea and eastern Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/how.the.russian.orthodox.church.is.backing.vladimir.putins.new.world.order/81108.htm|title=How the Russian Orthodox Church is backing Vladimir Putin's new world order|last=Woods|first=Mark|date=|website=[[Christian Today]]|language=en|access-date=March 12, 2017}}</ref> More broadly the ''New York Times'' reports in September 2016 how that Church's policy prescriptions support the Kremlin's appeal to social conservatives:
 
: A fervent foe of homosexuality and any attempt to put individual rights above those of family, community or nation, the Russian Orthodox Church helps project Russia as the natural ally of all those who pine for a more secure, illiberal world free from the tradition-crushing rush of globalization, multiculturalism and women's and gay rights.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/14/world/europe/russia-orthodox-church.html|title=In Expanding Russian Influence, Faith Combines With Firepower|last=Higgins|first=Andrew|date=September 13, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 12, 2017|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
 
   
  +
*'''[[Wesley Wyndam-Pryce]]''' — Xander's dislike of Wesley, unlike the other Scoobies, mostly stemmed from jealousy than incompetence. Cordelia had been very open with her attraction to him and heavily flirted with him often, much to Xander's constant annoyance. He had jealously mocked her compliments of Wesley while alone, stating "I love how you talk, Wesley! I love how you sing, Wesley! Can you say the words jail bait, Wesley?! Grimy bastard. "However, when assuming Angelus had been set free again, he had shown anger and blamed him, believing that he had put Buffy in danger.<ref name="Enemies" /> He had also unsuccessfully tried to convince himself that Cordelia wasn't that attractive, only to immediately contradict himself when he saw Wesley eye her, falling into another fit of jealousy and dislike for him.<ref name="Earshot" /> Soon after, he had shown anger that Wesley had wanted to not trade the box and leave Willow kidnapped, angrily stating "Want a volunteer to hit Wesley?"<ref name="Choices" /> Xander would also once jokingly claim that Wesley was the result of inbreeding when Cordelia wanted an explanation of why he was leaving Sunnydale.<ref name="GraduationDay2" /> After Graduation, Xander never saw Wesley again.
On April 26, 2017, for the first time, The [[U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom]] classified Russia as one of the world's worst violators of religious liberty, recommending in its 2017 annual report that the U.S. government deem Russia a "country of particular concern" under the International Religious Freedom Act and negotiate for religious liberty. The report states, "—it is the sole state to have not only continually intensified its repression of religious freedom since USCIRF commenced monitoring it, but also to have expanded its repressive policies....ranging from administrative harassment to arbitrary imprisonment to extrajudicial killing, are implemented in a fashion that is systematic, ongoing, and egregious."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/Russia.2017.pdf|title=Russia Tier1 USCIRF recommended countries of particular concern (CPC)|date=April 26, 2017}}</ref> On April 4,2017 [[UN Special Rapporteur]] on Freedom of Opinion and Expression [[David Kaye (law professor)|David Kaye]], UN Special Rapporteur on Freedoms of Peaceful Assembly and Association [[Maina Kiai]], and UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion and Belief [[Ahmed Shaheed]] condemned Russia's treatment of Jehovah's Witnesses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2274|title= RUSSIA:Jehovah's Witnesses banned, property confiscated}}</ref> Many other countries and international organizations have spoken out on Russia's religious abuses.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www2.stetson.edu/~psteeves/relnews/170421c.html|title=Russia Religion News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/04/20/russia-court-bans-jehovahs-witnesses|title=Russia: Court Bans Jehovah’s Witnesses}}</ref>
 
   
  +
*'''[[Harmony Kendall]]''' — Xander shared a natural antagonism towards Harmony, not so different towards Cordelia before she joined the Scooby Gang. Harmony, in turn, considered him a loser and scolded Cordelia for dating him.<ref name="BewitchedBotheredBewildered" /> After graduation, the two bumped into each other, with Xander aware of Harmony's vampiric nature and her affiliation with Spike, the two fought. Due to Xander's amateurish fighting skills and Harmony's uncommon inability to utilize her vampiric strengths, they mutually resolved to let go of each other. Xander was deeply ashamed of the fight, feeling like he had lost some of his dignity with how pathetic it was.<ref name="Initiative" /> They later encountered each other again during Harmony's attempt at assassinating the Slayer, only for her to find Xander at Buffy's home looking after her kid sister. Xander laughed at the concept of Harmony possessing minions while Harmony reminded him of his status in high school and even heard of his enslavement to [[Dracula]]. This lead to Dawn, having harbored a crush on Xander at the time, to unintentionally invite Harmony in, allowing her to beat Xander several times (having started embracing her vampire side) before Xander kicked her out.<ref name="Real Me" />
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Religious places in Russia">
 
File:Moscow StBasilCathedral d18.jpg|[[Saint Basil's Cathedral]], [[Moscow]].
 
File:Московская соборная мечеть.jpg|[[Moscow Cathedral Mosque]].
 
File:Russian Rodnover temple worship (2).png|[[Rodnover]] worshippers at the wooden temple of the Slavic Kremlin, [[Podolsky District]], [[Moscow Oblast]].
 
File:Дом Арчы.jpg|A ''dom archi'' (дом арчы) or ''archi djete'' (арчы дьиэтэ), a [[Tengrist]] church in [[Yakutsk]], [[Yakutia]].
 
File:Atsaysky datsan in Buryatia, Selenga area 2.png|Atsaysky [[datsan]] in [[Buryatia]].
 
File:Rath Yatra russia winter.jpg|[[Hinduism in Russia|Russian Hindus]]' [[Ratha Yatra]], Moscow Oblast.
 
File:Kazan church edit.jpg|[[Syncretic]] [[Temple of All Religions]] in [[Kazan]], [[Tatarstan]].
 
</gallery>
 
   
  +
*'''[[Warren Mears]]''' — Xander held a deep hatred for Warren ever since he shot Buffy and killed Tara. Warren is like an evil version of Xander.<ref name="SeeingRed" /> When Willow hunted down Warren with the intention of killing him, Xander (along with Dawn and Anya) approved of Warren's death when Buffy didn't, with Xander even remarking that Warren was "as bad as any vamp {that Buffy} sent to Dustville."<ref name="Villains" /> Xander and Warren remained enemies long after Sunnydale when Warren joined [[Twilight Group|Twilight's cabal]] to get revenge on the Scoobies.
===Health===
 
{{Main article|Healthcare in Russia}}
 
[[File:Terapevt Mudrov train.JPG|thumb|A mobile clinic used to provide health care at remote railway stations]]
 
   
  +
*'''[[Snyder]]''' — Principal Snyder considered Xander to be worth nothing and claimed that whatever came out of his mouth was "a meaningless waste of breath. An airborne toxic event".
The Russian Constitution guarantees free, [[universal health care]] for all its citizens.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of the Russian Federation|work=Article 41|url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-03.htm|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref> In practice, however, free health care is partially restricted because of [[Registration in Russia|mandatory registration]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/06jun2007/lukin.html|script-title=ru:Российский омбудсмен будет бороться с дискриминацией по "прописке" через суд|trans-title=Russian ombudsman will be fighting discrimination based on passport "registration" in the courts|language=ru|date=June 6, 2007|accessdate=July 23, 2008}}</ref> While Russia has more physicians, hospitals, and health care workers than almost any other country in the world on a per capita basis,<ref>{{cite web|title=Healthcare in Russia&nbsp;– Don't Play Russian Roulette |publisher=justlanded.com |url=http://www.justlande/refd.com/english/Russia/Articles/Health/Healthcare-in-Russia |accessdate=October 3, 2010}} {{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> since the dissolution of the Soviet Union the health of the Russian population has declined considerably as a result of social, economic, and lifestyle changes;<ref>{{cite news|author=W. R. Leonard|title=Declining growth status of indigenous Siberian children in post-Soviet Russia|date=April 2002|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_200204/ai_n9037764|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090628122206/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_200204/ai_n9037764|archive-date=2009-06-28|accessdate=December 27, 2007|work=Human Biology|deadurl=yes}}</ref> the trend has been reversed only in the recent years, with average life expectancy having increased 5.2 years for males and 3.1 years for females between 2006 and 2014.<ref name="demo26data" />
 
   
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==Gallery==
Due to the ongoing [[Russian financial crisis (2014–present)|Russian financial crisis]] since 2014, major cuts in health spending have resulted in a decline in the quality of service of the state healthcare system. About 40% of basic medical facilities have fewer staff than they are supposed to have, with others being closed down. Waiting times for treatment have increased, and patients have been forced to pay for more services that were previously free.<ref>{{cite news|title=In Putin’s Russia, Universal Health Care Is for All Who Pay|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-05-13/in-russia-universal-health-care-is-for-all-who-can-afford-it|accessdate=April 24, 2017|work=Bloomberg.com|date=May 13, 2015}}</ref><ref>http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=42927&no_cache=1#.V5RZTqIlrIU</ref>
 
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{{User Gallery Box}}
   
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==Behind the scenes==
{{As of|2014}}, the average life expectancy in Russia was 65.29 years for males and 76.49 years for females.<ref name="demo26data">{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/demo26.xls|format=XLS|script-title=ru:ОЖИДАЕМАЯ ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ЖИЗНИ ПРИ РОЖДЕНИИ|trans-title=Life expectancy at birth|work=[[Rosstat]]|date=April 2, 2015|accessdate=April 26, 2015}}</ref> The biggest factor contributing to the relatively low life expectancy for males is a high mortality rate among working-age males. Deaths mostly occur from preventable causes, including alcohol poisoning, smoking, traffic accidents and violent crime.<ref name="gks" /> As a result, Russia has one of the world's most female-biased [[sex ratio]]<nowiki/>s, with 0.859 males to every female.<ref name="cia" />
 
  +
*He was portrayed by [[Nicholas Brendon]], while [[Kelly Donovan]] occasionally appeared as his double. He was also dubbed by Daniel Taylor in ''[[Season Eight Motion Comic]]''.
  +
*When Brendon was cast for the role of Xander after, according to [[Joss Whedon]], he asked if "anybody feel like shawarma? I feel like some shawarma". Whedon has described "shawarma" as "the word that probably changed your [Brendon's] life", and used the very same quotation as Tony Stark's line in the ''Avengers'' film.<ref>Jill Pantozzi, [http://www.themarysue.com/buffy-shawarma-avengers/ "''Buffy''’s Xander Is Responsible For That ''Avengers'' Shawarma Scene"]. ''The Mary Sue'', October 11, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2019.</ref>
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*Brendon was told by producers to stop working out because they didn't want Xander "looking too buffed."{{Cite}}
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*Joss Whedon discussed with Brendon and [[Sarah Michelle Gellar]] the idea of Buffy and Xander ending up together at the end of the final season, which the actors reportedly agreed.<ref>Esther Zuckerman, [https://tv.avclub.com/buffy-the-vampire-slayer-s-nicholas-brendon-thinks-xand-1798258881 "''Buffy The Vampire Slayer''’s Nicholas Brendon thinks Xander was underrated"]. ''The A.V. Club'', March 8, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2019.</ref> Gellar has stated she believes Joss Whedon's original intention was "was to put Xander and Buffy together. I really do believe that."{{Cite}}
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*Joss Whedon has likened Xander's character to himself and had this to say: "Xander, I've always identified as the figure I most was like, 'cause he did have that inability to sort of... talk to the girl and come through in the big moment. And he does make an idiot of himself a lot. Of course, he's a lot prettier and more muscular than anybody who acts like that should be but this is television, so, get over it."<ref>From Joss Whedon's audio commentary of the episode "[[Welcome to the Hellmouth]]" in the DVD set of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season One, Disc One</ref>
  +
*Joss Whedon briefly described Xander in the shooting script for "[[Welcome to the Hellmouth]]": "Weaving along the road. On it is XANDER, dressed with the shaggy indifference common to skateboarders. He is bright, funny, and will one day be suave and handsome. Till that day arrives, he'll do the best he can with bright and funny." 
  +
*Along with Buffy, Willow, Giles, and Angel, he is one of only five characters to appear in both the pilot ("[[Welcome to the Hellmouth]]") and series finale of Buffy ("[[Chosen]]").
  +
*Xander was a regular in every episode of every season of ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'', with the exception of "[[Conversations with Dead People]]". He is the fourth character with the most appearances in the Buffyverse (143 episodes), after Angel (166), Willow (147) and Buffy (146).
  +
*[[Wikipedia:Ryan Reynolds|Ryan Reynolds]] was offered the role of Xander but passed on because he "didn't want to play a guy in high school. I had just come out of high school and it was f------ awful."<ref>Philip Marchand, [http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/2008/02/12/no_regrets_for_canuck_actor_ryan_reynolds.html "No regrets for Canuck actor Ryan Reynolds"]. ''The Star'', February 12, 2008. Retrieved April 30, 2019.</ref> Sarah Michelle Gellar herself refused to believe this when she was told during a ''Buffy'' trivia test promoted by SheKnows.com in 2016.{{Cite}}
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*[[Danny Strong]] auditioned for the role of Xander prior to being cast as [[Jonathan Levinson|Jonathan]].
   
===Education===
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==Appearances==
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===Canonical===
{{Main article|Education in Russia}}
 
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;''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]''
[[File:Moscow State University.jpg|thumb|[[Moscow State University]]]]
 
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{{AppearancesBuffySeason1|all=yes}}
Russia has the most college-level or higher graduates in terms of percentage of population in the world, at 54%.<ref>[[Huffington Post]]: [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/22/countries-with-the-most-c_n_655393.html#s117394&title=United_Kingdom_318 Countries With The MOST College Graduates] retrieved September 27, 2013</ref> Russia has a [[free education]] system, which is guaranteed for all citizens by the [[Constitution of Russia|Constitution]],<ref>David Johnson, ed., ''Politics, Modernisation and Educational Reform in Russia: From Past to Present'' (2010)</ref> however entry to subsidized higher education is highly competitive.<ref>{{cite web|author=Smolentseva, A|title=Bridging the Gap Between Higher and Secondary Education in Russia|url=http://www.bc.edu/research/cihe.html|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref> As a result of great emphasis on science and technology in education, Russian medical, mathematical, scientific, and aerospace research is generally of a high order.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=U.S. Department of State|title= Background Note: Russia|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3183.htm|accessdate=January 2, 2008}}</ref>
 
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{{AppearancesBuffySeason6|all=yes}}
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|episode7=credit}}
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{{AppearancesBuffyOrigin
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|issue3=yes}}
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{{AppearancesTales
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|Antique=yes}}
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{{AppearancesBuffySeason8|all=yes
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|issue5=no
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|issue7=no
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|issue8=no
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|issue24=no
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|HARM=no
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|Bites=no
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|Vampy=no
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|Nation=no
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|Willow=no
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|Riley=no}}
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{{AppearancesBuffySeason9|all=yes
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|tour=no
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|issue5=vision
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|issue6=no
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|issue7=no
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|issue10=note
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|space=no
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|issue11=note
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|issue12=note
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|issue13=note
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|issue14=no
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|issue15=no
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|Willow1=flash
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|Willow2=vision
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|Willow3=vision
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|Willow4=vision
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|Willow5=no
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|Love=no}}
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{{AppearancesBuffySeason10|all=yes
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|issue9=note
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|issue21=no
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|issue22=note
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|extra=no}}
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{{AppearancesBuffySeason11|all=yes
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|issue4=no
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|issue5=no
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|issue6=no
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|issue7=note
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|Giles1=no
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|Giles2=no
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|Giles4=no}}
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{{AppearancesBuffySeason12|all=yes}}
   
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;''[[Angel (series)|Angel]]''
Since 1990, the 11-year school education has been introduced. Education in state-owned secondary schools is free. University level education is free, with exceptions. A substantial share of students is enrolled for full pay (many state institutions started to open commercial positions in the last years).<ref>{{cite web|title=Higher Education Institutions|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2007/b07_12/08-10.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303145808/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2007/b07_12/08-10.htm|archivedate=March 3, 2012|publisher=[[Rosstat]]|accessdate=January 1, 2008}}</ref>
 
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{{AppearancesAngelSeason1
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|episode7=note}}
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{{AppearancesAngelSeason5
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|episode11=note}}
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{{AppearancesSpike
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|ATF3=note
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|issue5=note}}
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{{AppearancesAngelFaith
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|issue14=note
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{{AppearancesAngelFaith10
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===Other===
The oldest and largest [[Russian universities]] are [[Moscow State University]] and [[Saint Petersburg State University]]. In the 2000s, in order to create higher education and research institutions of comparable scale in Russian regions, the government launched a program of establishing "federal universities", mostly by merging existing large regional universities and research institutes and providing them with a special funding. These new institutions include the [[Southern Federal University]], [[Siberian Federal University]], [[Kazan Volga Federal University]], [[North-Eastern Federal University]], and [[Far Eastern Federal University]].
 
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*As one of the main characters in the franchise, Xander has also appeared in the majority of ''Buffy'' expanded universe material of unknown canonicity, including [[Buffy the Vampire Slayer comics|comic books]], [[Buffy the Vampire Slayer novels|novels]], and [[Buffy the Vampire Slayer video games|video games]].
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==External links==
According to the 2018 QS World University Rankings, the highest-ranking Russian educational institution is [[Moscow State University]], rated 95th in the world.
 
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*[[Wikipedia:Xander Harris|Xander Harris]] at Wikipedia
 
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*{{IMDb character|0004925}}
==Culture==
 
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*[http://www.comicbookdb.com/character.php?ID=5427 Xander Harris] at Comic Book DB
{{Main article|Russian culture}}
 
 
===Folk culture and cuisine===
 
{{see also|Russian traditions|Russian jokes|Russian fairy tales|Russian cuisine}}
 
[[File:Kustodiev Merchants Wife.jpg|thumb|right|''The Merchant's Wife'' by [[Boris Kustodiev]], showcasing the [[Russian tea culture]]]]
 
 
There are over 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples in Russia.<ref name="ethnicgroups" /> The country's vast cultural diversity spans ethnic [[Russians]] with their [[Slavs|Slavic]] [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] traditions, [[Tatars]] and [[Bashkirs]] with their Turkic Muslim culture, [[Buddhist]] [[nomad]]ic [[Buryats]] and [[Kalmyks]], [[Shamanistic]] peoples of the [[Extreme North]] and Siberia, highlanders of the [[Northern Caucasus]], and [[Finno-Ugric peoples]] of the [[Russian North West]] and [[Volga Region]].
 
 
[[Handicraft]], like [[Dymkovo toy]], [[khokhloma]], [[gzhel]] and [[palekh miniature]] represent an important aspect of Russian [[folk culture]]. Ethnic Russian clothes include [[kaftan]], [[kosovorotka]] and [[ushanka]] for men, [[sarafan]] and [[kokoshnik]] for women, with [[lapti]] and [[valenki]] as common shoes. The clothes of [[Cossack]]s from Southern Russia include [[Burka (Caucasus)|burka]] and [[papaha]], which they share with the peoples of the Northern Caucasus.
 
 
[[Russian cuisine]] widely uses fish, poultry, mushrooms, berries, and honey. Crops of [[rye]], wheat, [[barley]], and [[millet]] provide the ingredients for various breads, [[pancakes]] and cereals, as well as for [[kvass]], beer and vodka drinks. [[Black bread]] is rather popular in Russia, compared to the rest of the world. Flavourful soups and stews include [[shchi]], [[borsch]], [[ukha]], [[solyanka]] and [[okroshka]]. [[Smetana (dairy product)|Smetana]] (a heavy [[sour cream]]) is often added to soups and salads. [[Pirozhki]], [[blini]] and [[syrniki]] are native types of pancakes. [[Chicken Kiev]], [[pelmeni]] and [[shashlyk]] are popular meat dishes, the last two being of Tatar and Caucasus origin respectively. Other meat dishes include stuffed cabbage rolls ''([[golubtsy]])'' usually filled with meat.<ref name="mrig-golubtsy">{{cite web|url=http://www.moscow-russia-insiders-guide.com/how-to-cook-golubtzy.html |title=How to Cook Golubtzy |publisher=Moscow-russia-insiders-guide.com |date=August 6, 2011 |accessdate=May 4, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501190658/http://www.moscow-russia-insiders-guide.com/how-to-cook-golubtzy.html |archivedate=May 1, 2013}}</ref> Salads include [[Olivier salad]], [[vinegret]] and [[dressed herring]].
 
 
Russia's large number of ethnic groups have distinctive traditions regarding [[Music of Russia#Ethnic roots music|folk music]]. Typical ethnic Russian musical instruments are [[gusli]], [[balalaika]], [[zhaleika]], and [[garmoshka]]. Folk music had a significant influence on Russian classical composers, and in modern times it is a source of inspiration for a number of popular [[folk band]]s, like [[Melnitsa]]. [[Russian folk songs]], as well as patriotic [[Soviet songs]], constitute the bulk of the repertoire of the world-renowned [[Alexandrov Ensemble|Red Army choir]] and other popular ensembles.
 
 
Russians have [[Russian traditions|many traditions]], including the washing in [[banya (sauna)|banya]], a hot steam bath somewhat similar to [[sauna]].<ref name="banya" /> Old [[Russian folklore]] takes its roots in the pagan [[Slavic mythology|Slavic religion]]. Many [[Russian fairy tales]] and epic [[bylina]]s were adapted for animation films, or for feature movies by the prominent directors like [[Aleksandr Ptushko]] (''[[Ilya Muromets (film)|Ilya Muromets]]'', ''[[Sadko (film)|Sadko]]'') and [[Aleksandr Rou]] (''[[Morozko]]'', ''[[Vasilisa the Beautiful (1939 film)|Vasilisa the Beautiful]]''). Russian poets, including [[Pyotr Pavlovich Yershov|Pyotr Yershov]] and [[Leonid Filatov]], made a number of well-known poetical interpretations of the classical fairy tales, and in some cases, like that of [[Alexander Pushkin]], also created fully original fairy tale poems of great popularity.
 
 
===Architecture===
 
{{Main article|Russian architecture|List of Russian architects}}
 
[[File:NN Stroganov Church 08-2016 img2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Stroganov Church in [[Nizhny Novgorod]], a well known piece of [[Russian architecture]]]]
 
[[Image:Brick Khrushchev house in Tomsk.jpg|thumb|right|Brick [[khrushchovka]] in Tomsk]]
 
 
Since the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus']] for several ages Russian architecture was influenced predominantly by the [[Byzantine architecture]]. Apart from fortifications ([[kremlin]]s), the main stone buildings of ancient Rus' were [[Orthodox church (building)|Orthodox churches]] with their many [[dome]]s, often gilded or brightly painted.
 
 
[[Aristotle Fioravanti]] and other Italian architects brought [[Renaissance]] trends into Russia since the late 15th century, while the 16th century saw the development of unique [[tent-like church]]es culminating in [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116214934/http://www.rusarch.ru/zagraevsky19.htm The first stone tented roof church and the origins of the tented roof architecture] by [[Sergey Zagraevsky]] at RusArch.ru {{ru icon}}</ref> By that time the [[onion dome]] design was also fully developed.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116215900/http://www.rusarch.ru/zagraevsky1.htm The shapes of domes of ancient Russian churches] by [[Sergey Zagraevsky]] at the site of RusArch.ru {{ru icon}}</ref> In the 17th century, the "fiery style" of ornamentation flourished in Moscow and [[Yaroslavl]], gradually paving the way for the [[Naryshkin baroque]] of the 1690s. After the [[reforms of Peter the Great]] the change of architectural styles in Russia generally followed that in the Western Europe.
 
 
The 18th-century taste for [[rococo]] architecture led to the ornate works of [[Bartolomeo Rastrelli]] and his followers. The reigns of [[Catherine the Great]] and her grandson [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander&nbsp;I]] saw the flourishing of [[Neoclassical architecture]], most notably in the capital city of [[Saint Petersburg]]. The second half of the 19th century was dominated by the [[Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire|Neo-Byzantine]] and [[Russian Revival]] styles. Prevalent styles of the 20th century were the [[Art Nouveau]], [[Constructivist architecture|Constructivism]], and the [[Stalin Empire style]].
 
 
[[Russian cultural heritage register#Denial of heritage (1917–1941)|With the change in values imposed by communist ideology]], the tradition of preservation was broken. Independent preservation societies, even those that defended only secular landmarks such as Moscow-based OIRU were disbanded by the end of the 1920s. A new anti-religious campaign, launched in 1929, coincided with collectivization of peasants; destruction of churches in the cities peaked around 1932. A number of churches were demolished, including the [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]] in Moscow. [[Russian cultural heritage register#Post-Soviet Russia (1991–present)|In Moscow alone losses of 1917–2006]] are estimated at over 640 notable buildings (including 150 to 200 listed buildings, out of a total inventory of 3,500) – some disappeared completely, others were replaced with concrete replicas.
 
 
In 1955, a new Soviet leader, [[Nikita Khrushchev]], condemned the "excesses" of the former academic architecture,<ref>Russian: Постановление ЦК КПСС и СМ СССР "Об устранении излишеств в проектировании и строительстве", November 4, 1955 (Khrushchev's decree ''On liquidation of excesses&nbsp;...'') {{ru icon}}</ref> and the late Soviet era was dominated by plain [[functionalism in architecture]]. This helped somewhat to resolve the housing problem, but created a large quantity of buildings of low architectural quality, much in contrast with the previous bright styles. [[Russian cultural heritage register#Khrushchev's offensive (1959–1964)|In 1959 Nikita Khrushchev launched his anti-religious campaign]]. By 1964 over 10 thousand churches out of 20 thousand were shut down (mostly in rural areas) and many were demolished. Of 58 monasteries and convents operating in 1959, only sixteen remained by 1964; of Moscow's fifty churches operating in 1959, thirty were closed and six demolished. The situation improved in the recent two decades. Many temples demolished in Soviet times were rebuilt, and this process continues along with the restoration of various historical buildings destroyed in World War&nbsp;II. A total of 23,000 Orthodox churches have been rebuilt between 1991 and 2010, which effectively quadrapled the number of operating churches in Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sputniknews.com/art_living/20101203/161616486.html|title=Over 20,000 churches rebuilt in Russia in 20 years – Patriarch Kirill|date=December 3, 2010|work=rian.ru}}</ref>
 
 
===Visual arts===
 
{{Main article|Russian artists}}
 
[[File:Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A piece of Russian icon art known as [[Rublev]]'s [[Trinity (Andrei Rublev)|''Trinity'']]]]
 
[[File:Brjullov.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Karl Bryullov]] (1799–1852), a key figure in transition from the Russian neoclassicism to romanticism.]]
 
 
Early Russian painting is represented in [[Russian icons|icons]] and vibrant [[fresco]]s, the two genres inherited from [[Byzantium]]. As Moscow rose to power, [[Theophanes the Greek]], [[Dionisius]] and [[Andrei Rublev]] became vital names associated with a distinctly Russian art.
 
 
The [[Russian Academy of Arts]] was created in 1757<ref>[http://en.rah.ru/content/en/section-academy-en.html Russian Academy of Arts] official site.</ref> and gave Russian artists an international role and status. [[Ivan Argunov]], [[Dmitry Levitzky]], [[Vladimir Borovikovsky]] and other 18th century academicians mostly focused on [[portrait painting]]. In the early 19th century, when [[neoclassicism]] and [[romantism]] flourished, mythological and Biblical themes inspired many prominent paintings, notably by [[Karl Briullov]] and [[Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov|Alexander Ivanov]].
 
 
In the mid-19th century the ''[[Peredvizhniki]]'' (''Wanderers'') group of artists broke with the Academy and initiated a school of art liberated from academic restrictions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gray|first=Camilla|title=Russian Experiment in Art|publisher=Thames and Hudson|location=London|year=2002|page=9}}</ref> These were mostly [[Realism (visual arts)|realist]] painters who captured Russian identity in landscapes of wide rivers, forests, and birch clearings, as well as vigorous genre scenes and robust portraits of their contemporaries. Some artists focused on depicting dramatic moments in Russian history, while others turned to [[social criticism]], showing the conditions of the poor and caricaturing authority; [[Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences)|critical realism]] flourished under the reign of [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]]. Leading realists include [[Ivan Shishkin]], [[Arkhip Kuindzhi]], [[Ivan Kramskoi]], [[Vasily Polenov]], [[Isaac Levitan]], [[Vasily Surikov]], [[Viktor Vasnetsov]], [[Ilya Repin]], and [[Boris Kustodiev]].
 
 
The turn of the 20th century saw the rise of [[symbolism (art)|symbolist]] painting, represented by [[Mikhail Vrubel]], [[Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin]], and [[Nicholas Roerich]].
 
 
The [[Russian avant-garde]] was a large, influential wave of [[modernist art]] that flourished in Russia from approximately 1890 to 1930. The term covers many separate, but inextricably related art movements that occurred at the time, namely [[neo-primitivism]], [[suprematism]], [[constructivism (art)|constructivism]], [[rayonism]], and [[Russian Futurism]]. Notable artists from this era include [[El Lissitzky]], [[Kazimir Malevich]], [[Wassily Kandinsky]], and [[Marc Chagall]]. Since the 1930s the revolutionary ideas of the [[avant-garde]] clashed with the newly emerged conservative direction of [[socialist realism]].
 
 
Soviet art produced works that were furiously patriotic and [[anti-fascist]] during and after the [[Great Patriotic War]]. Multiple war memorials, marked by a great restrained solemnity, were built throughout the country. Soviet artists often combined innovation with socialist realism, notably the sculptors [[Vera Mukhina]], [[Yevgeny Vuchetich]] and [[Ernst Neizvestny]].
 
 
===Music and dance===
 
{{Main article|Music of Russia|Russian ballet|Russian opera|Russian rock|Russian pop|Russian composers}}
 
[[File:Snowdance.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The ''Snowdance'' scene from ''[[The Nutcracker]]'' ballet, composed by [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]]]
 
 
Music in 19th century Russia was defined by the tension between classical composer [[Mikhail Glinka]] along with other members of [[The Mighty Handful]], who embraced Russian national identity and added religious and folk elements to their compositions, and the [[Russian Musical Society]] led by composers [[Anton Rubinstein|Anton]] and [[Nikolay Rubinstein]]s, which was musically conservative. The later tradition of [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]], one of the greatest composers of the [[Romantic music|Romantic era]], was continued into the 20th century by [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Norris, Gregory; ed. Stanley, Sadie|title=The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition|publisher=MacMillian|year=1980|location=London|page=707|isbn=0-333-23111-2}}</ref> World-renowned composers of the 20th century include [[Alexander Scriabin]], [[Igor Stravinsky]], [[Sergei Prokofiev]], [[Dmitri Shostakovich]] and [[Alfred Schnittke]].
 
 
Russian conservatories have turned out generations of famous soloists. Among the best known are violinists [[Jascha Heifetz]], [[David Oistrakh]], [[Leonid Kogan]], [[Gidon Kremer]], and [[Maxim Vengerov]]; cellists [[Mstislav Rostropovich]], [[Natalia Gutman]]; pianists [[Vladimir Horowitz]], [[Sviatoslav Richter]], [[Emil Gilels]], [[Vladimir Sofronitsky]] and [[Evgeny Kissin]]; and vocalists [[Fyodor Shalyapin]], [[Mark Reizen]], [[Elena Obraztsova]], [[Tamara Sinyavskaya]], [[Nina Dorliak]], [[Galina Vishnevskaya]], [[Anna Netrebko]] and [[Dmitry Hvorostovsky]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia::Music|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=October 5, 2009|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513251/Russia/38636/Music}}</ref>
 
 
During the early 20th century, Russian ballet dancers [[Anna Pavlova]] and [[Vaslav Nijinsky]] rose to fame, and impresario [[Sergei Diaghilev]] and his [[Ballets Russes]]' travels abroad profoundly influenced the development of dance worldwide.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Garafola, L|title=Diaghilev's Ballets Russes|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=576|isbn=0-19-505701-5|year=1989}}</ref> Soviet ballet preserved the perfected 19th century traditions,<ref>{{cite web|author=K. K. Cashin |title=Alexander Pushkin's Influence on Russian Ballet—Chapter Five: Pushkin, Soviet Ballet, and Afterward |url=http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04072005-133328/unrestricted/12_kkc_chap5.pdf |accessdate=December 27, 2007 |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102150415/https://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04072005-133328/unrestricted/12_kkc_chap5.pdf |archivedate=January 2, 2008}}</ref> and the Soviet Union's choreography schools produced many internationally famous stars, including [[Galina Ulanova]], [[Maya Plisetskaya]], [[Rudolf Nureyev]], and [[Mikhail Baryshnikov]]. The [[Bolshoi Ballet]] in Moscow and the [[Mariinsky Ballet]] in St Petersburg remain famous throughout the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://petersburgcity.com/news/culture/2005/11/18/theatre/|title=A Tale of Two Operas|publisher=Petersburg City|accessdate=January 11, 2008}}</ref>
 
 
Modern [[Russian rock]] music takes its roots both in the Western [[rock and roll]] and [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]], and in traditions of the [[Russian bards]] of the Soviet era, such as [[Vladimir Vysotsky]] and [[Bulat Okudzhava]].<ref>[http://www.russia-ic.com/culture_art/music/380/#r1 History of Rock Music in Russia] at Russia-InfoCentre</ref> Popular Russian rock groups include [[Mashina Vremeni]], [[DDT (band)|DDT]], [[Aquarium (group)|Aquarium]], [[Alisa]], [[Kino (band)|Kino]], [[Kipelov]], [[Nautilus Pompilius (band)|Nautilus Pompilius]], [[Aria (band)|Aria]], [[Grazhdanskaya Oborona]], [[Splean]] and [[Korol i Shut]]. [[Russian pop]] music developed from what was known in the Soviet times as ''estrada'' into full-fledged industry, with some performers gaining wide international recognition, such as [[t.A.T.u.]], [[Nu Virgos]] and [[Vitas]].
 
 
===Literature and philosophy===
 
{{Main article|Russian literature|Russian philosophy|Russian poets|Russian playwrights|Russian novelists|Russian science fiction and fantasy}}
 
[[File:L.N.Tolstoy Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Leo Tolstoy]], novelist and philosopher]]
 
In the 18th century, during the era of [[Russian Enlightenment]], the development of [[Russian literature]] was boosted by the works of [[Mikhail Lomonosov]] and [[Denis Fonvizin]]. By the early 19th century a modern native tradition had emerged, producing some of the greatest writers in Russian history. This period, known also as the [[Golden Age of Russian Poetry]], began with [[Alexander Pushkin]], who is considered the founder of the modern Russian literary language and often described as the "Russian Shakespeare".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kelly, C|title=Russian Literature: A Very Short Introduction (Paperback)|publisher=Oxford Paperbacks|isbn=0-19-280144-9|year=2001}}</ref> It continued into the 19th century with the poetry of [[Mikhail Lermontov]] and [[Nikolay Nekrasov]], dramas of [[Alexander Ostrovsky]] and [[Anton Chekhov]], and the prose of [[Nikolai Gogol]] and [[Ivan Turgenev]]. [[Leo Tolstoy]] and [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]] have been described by literary critics as the greatest novelists of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513793/Russian-literature|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=April 11, 2008|title=Russian literature; Leo Tolstoy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=Time Magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,943893,00.html|accessdate=April 10, 2008|title=Freaking-Out with Fyodor|author=Otto Friedrich|date=September 6, 1971}}</ref>
 
 
By the 1880s, the age of the great novelists was over, and short fiction and poetry became the dominant genres. The next several decades became known as the [[Silver Age of Russian Poetry]], when the previously dominant [[literary realism]] was replaced by [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolism]]. Leading authors of this era include such poets as [[Valery Bryusov]], [[Vyacheslav Ivanov (poet)|Vyacheslav Ivanov]], [[Alexander Blok]], [[Nikolay Gumilev]] and [[Anna Akhmatova]], and novelists [[Leonid Andreyev]], [[Ivan Bunin]], and [[Maxim Gorky]].
 
 
[[Russian philosophy]] blossomed in the 19th century, when it was defined initially by the opposition of [[Westernizers]], who advocated Western political and economical models, and [[Slavophiles]], who insisted on developing Russia as a unique civilization. The latter group includes [[Nikolai Danilevsky]] and [[Konstantin Leontiev]], the founders of [[eurasianism]]. In its further development Russian philosophy was always marked by a deep connection to literature and interest in creativity, society, politics and nationalism; [[Russian cosmism]] and religious philosophy were other major areas. Notable philosophers of the late 19th and the early 20th centuries include [[Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)|Vladimir Solovyev]], [[Sergei Bulgakov]], and [[Vladimir Vernadsky]].
 
 
[[File:Alexander Pushkin 2013-10-06 17-38.jpg|thumb|[[Alexander Pushkin]]]]
 
Following the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917 many prominent writers and philosophers left the country, including Bunin, [[Vladimir Nabokov]] and [[Nikolay Berdyayev]], while a new generation of talented authors joined together in an effort to create a distinctive [[working-class culture]] appropriate for the new Soviet state. In the 1930s censorship over literature was tightened in line with the policy of [[socialist realism]]. In the late 1950s restrictions on literature were eased, and by the 1970s and 1980s, writers were increasingly ignoring official guidelines. Leading authors of the Soviet era include novelists [[Yevgeny Zamyatin]] (emigrated), [[Ilf and Petrov]], [[Mikhail Bulgakov]] (censored) and [[Mikhail Sholokhov]], and poets [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]], [[Yevgeny Yevtushenko]], and [[Andrey Voznesensky]].
 
 
The Soviet Union was also a major producer of science fiction, written by authors like [[Arkady and Boris Strugatsky]], [[Kir Bulychov]], [[Alexander Belayev]] and [[Ivan Yefremov]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=McGuire, Patrick L.|title=Red stars: political aspects of Soviet science fiction. Studies in speculative fiction (Vol. 7, ill.)|publisher=UMI Research Press|isbn=0-8357-1579-5|year=1985}}{{Cite book|author=Glad, John|title=Russian Soviet science fiction and related critical activity|publisher=New York University|year=1971}}{{Cite book|author=Tevis, Yvonne Pacheco, Reginald, R. |title=East of the Sun: Russian and Eastern European Science Fiction. Science fiction and fantasy criticism (Vol. 5)|publisher=Ayer Company|isbn=0-88143-038-2|year=1983}}</ref> Traditions of [[Russian science fiction and fantasy]] are continued today by numerous writers.
 
 
===Cinema, animation and media===
 
{{Main article|Cinema of Russia|Russian animation|Television in Russia|Media of Russia}}
 
[[File:Medvedev - Russia Today 3.jpg|thumb|left|Former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in the [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] studio of [[Russia Today TV]] with [[Margarita Simonyan]]]]
 
Russian and later [[Soviet cinema]] was a hotbed of invention in the period immediately following 1917, resulting in world-renowned films such as ''[[The Battleship Potemkin]]'' by [[Sergei Eisenstein]].<ref name="film">{{cite web|title=Russia:Motion pictures|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2007|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513251/Russia|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref> Eisenstein was a student of filmmaker and theorist [[Lev Kuleshov]], who developed the [[Soviet montage theory]] of film editing at the world's first film school, the [[All-Union Institute of Cinematography]]. [[Dziga Vertov]], whose ''kino-glaz'' ("film-eye") theory—that the camera, like the human eye, is best used to explore real life—had a huge impact on the development of documentary film making and cinema realism. The subsequent state policy of socialist realism somewhat limited creativity; however, many Soviet films in this style were artistically successful, including ''[[Chapaev (film)|Chapaev]]'', ''[[The Cranes Are Flying]]'', and ''[[Ballad of a Soldier]]''.<ref name="film" />
 
 
The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema. [[Eldar Ryazanov]]'s and [[Leonid Gaidai]]'s comedies of that time were immensely popular, with many of the catch phrases still in use today. In 1961–68 [[Sergey Bondarchuk]] directed an [[Academy Award|Oscar]]-winning [[War and Peace (film series)|film adaptation]] of Leo Tolstoy's epic ''[[War and Peace]]'', which was [[the most expensive film]] made in the Soviet Union.<ref>Birgit Beumers. ''A History of Russian Cinema''. Berg Publishers (2009). {{ISBN|978-1-84520-215-6}}. p. 143.</ref> In 1969, [[Vladimir Motyl]]'s ''[[White Sun of the Desert]]'' was released, a very popular film in a genre of [[ostern]]; the film is traditionally watched by [[cosmonauts]] before any trip into space.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmlinc.com/wrt/onsale08/russian08/whitesunofthedesert.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905102633/http://filmlinc.com/wrt/onsale08/russian08/whitesunofthedesert.html|archivedate=September 5, 2008|publisher=Film Society of Lincoln Center|title=White Sun of the Desert|accessdate=January 18, 2008}}</ref>
 
 
[[File:Shukhov Oka Tower photo by Vladimir Tomilov.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Shukhov Tower on the Oka River]] served early radio and TV broadcasting.]]
 
[[Russian animation]] dates back to late [[Russian Empire]] times. During the Soviet era, [[Soyuzmultfilm]] studio was the largest animation producer. Soviet animators developed a great variety of pioneering techniques and aesthetic styles, with prominent directors including [[Ivan Ivanov-Vano]], [[Fyodor Khitruk]] and [[Aleksandr Tatarsky]]. Many Soviet cartoon heroes such as the Russian-style [[Winnie-the-Pooh]], cute little [[Cheburashka]], Wolf and Hare from ''[[Nu, Pogodi!]]'', are iconic images in Russia and many surrounding countries.
 
 
The late 1980s and 1990s were a period of crisis in Russian cinema and animation. Although Russian filmmakers became free to express themselves, state subsidies were drastically reduced, resulting in fewer films produced. The early years of the 21st century have brought increased viewership and subsequent prosperity to the industry on the back of the economic revival. Production levels are already higher than in Britain and Germany.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dzieciolowski, Z|title=Kinoeye: Russia's reviving film industry|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization-Film/russian_film_3726.jsp|accessdate=December 27, 2007}}</ref> Russia's total box-office revenue in 2007 was $565&nbsp;million, up 37% from the previous year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian Entertainment & Media Industry worth $27.9 bn by 2011|publisher=joomag magazine|url=http://www.joomag.com/magazine/Russia/4228/p44|accessdate=October 3, 2010}}</ref> In 2002 the ''[[Russian Ark]]'' became the first feature film ever to be shot in a single take. The traditions of Soviet animation were developed recently by such directors as [[Aleksandr Petrov (animator)|Aleksandr Petrov]] and studios like [[Melnitsa Animation]].
 
 
While there were few stations or channels in the Soviet time, in the past two decades many new state and privately owned [[Russian language radio stations|radio stations]] and [[TV in Russia|TV channels]] have appeared. In 2005 a state-run English language [[Russia Today TV]] started broadcasting, and its Arabic version [[Rusiya Al-Yaum]] was launched in 2007. Censorship and [[Media freedom in Russia]] has always been a main theme of Russian media.
 
 
===Sports===
 
{{Main article|Sport in Russia}}
 
[[File:Reprezentacja Rosji2.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Russia national football team]] at [[UEFA Euro 2012]]]]
 
 
Combining the [[All-time Olympic Games medal count|total medals]] of the Soviet Union and Russia, the country is second among all nations by number of gold medals both at the [[Summer Olympics]] and at the [[Winter Olympics]]. Soviet and later [[Russia at the Olympics|Russian athletes]] have always been in the top four for the number of gold medals collected at the Summer Olympics. Soviet gymnasts, track-and-field athletes, weightlifters, wrestlers, boxers, fencers, shooters, cross country skiers, biathletes, speed skaters and figure skaters were consistently among the best in the world, along with Soviet basketball, handball, volleyball and ice hockey players.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1974/ore84/ore84k.pdf|title=The USSR and Olympism|journal=[[Olympic Review]]|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]|issue=84|pages=530–557|date=October 1974|format=PDF |accessdate=March 28, 2008}}</ref> The [[1980 Summer Olympics]] were held in Moscow while the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] were hosted in [[Sochi]].
 
 
{{see also|Doping in Russia}}
 
Russia has the most medals stripped for doping violations ([[List of stripped Olympic medals|48]]), the most of any country, four times the number of the runner-up, and nearly a third of the global total. From 2011 to 2015, more than a thousand Russian competitors in various sports, including summer, winter, and Paralympic sports, benefited from a cover-up.<ref>{{cite news|title=With one year until 2018 Winter Games, Russia's status murky|url=McLaren report: more than 1,000 Russian athletes involved in doping conspiracy|accessdate=November 23, 2017|publisher=theguardian.com|date=December 9, 2016}}</ref> [[Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Russian team]] has been partially banned from the [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio Olympics]] and might be made subject to a blanket ban from the [[2018 Winter Olympics]] due to [[Doping in Russia|a serious doping scandal]] at the [[2014 Winter Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news|title=With one year until 2018 Winter Games, Russia's status murky|url=http://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/18647088/with-one-year-2018-winter-games-pyeongchang-russia-status-murky-wake-doping-scandal |accessdate= |agency= |date=2017-02-09 }}</ref>
 
 
[[File:RIAN archive 386859 KHL finals - Ak Bars vs. Lokomotiv Yaroslavl 1-0.jpg|thumb|[[Kontinental Hockey League|KHL]] finals, the league is considered to be the second-best in the world]]
 
Although [[ice hockey]] was only introduced during the Soviet era, the [[Soviet Union national ice hockey team|Soviet Union national team]] managed to win gold at almost all the [[Ice hockey at the Olympic Games|Olympics]] and [[Ice Hockey World Championships|World Championships]] they contested. Russian players [[Valery Kharlamov]], [[Sergei Makarov (ice hockey)|Sergei Makarov]], [[Vyacheslav Fetisov]] and [[Vladislav Tretiak]] hold four of six positions in the [[IIHF]] ''Team of the Century''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/channels/iihf-world-championship/news/news-singleview-world-championship/article/iihf-centennial-all-star-team.html |title=IIHF Centennial All-Star Team |publisher=Iihf.com |accessdate=April 27, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610024004/http://www.iihf.com/channels/iihf-world-championship/news/news-singleview-world-championship/article/iihf-centennial-all-star-team.html |archivedate=June 10, 2009}}</ref> Russia has not won the Olympic ice hockey tournament since the [[Unified Team at the Olympics|Unified Team]] won gold in 1992. Russia won the [[1993 IIHF World Championship|1993]], [[2008 IIHF World Championship|2008]], [[2009 IIHF World Championship|2009]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/sk/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=3570&cHash=e297f36b56c3588a73701c29a8895077|title=Pure gold: Russia repeats!|publisher=[[IIHF]]|date=May 10, 2009|accessdate=August 28, 2015}}</ref> [[2012 IIHF World Championship|2012]] and the [[2014 IIHF World Championship]]s.
 
 
The [[Kontinental Hockey League]] (KHL) was founded in 2008 as a successor to the [[Russian Superleague]]. It is ranked the top hockey league in Europe {{As of|2009|lc=y}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian league tops first CHL ranking|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=761&cHash=9ba72730fbb5b1cd42b3115bf5ad3e81|date=March 7, 2008|accessdate=August 28, 2015}}</ref> and the second-best in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=6876&cHash=60f30f7f072dfbdf8e5b4c471559f28f|title=World of difference for KHL?|publisher=iihf.com|date=May 7, 2012|accessdate=August 28, 2015}}</ref> It is an international professional ice hockey league in [[Eurasia]] and consists of 29 teams, of which 21 are based in Russia and 7 more are located in [[Latvia]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Belarus]], [[Finland]], [[Slovakia]], [[Croatia]] and [[China]]. KHL is on the 4th place by attendance in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fhr.ru/en/main/ofnews/card/?id_4=7476|title=KHL is on the 4th place by attendance|publisher=IIHF|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}</ref>
 
 
[[Bandy]], also known as [[Russian hockey]], is another traditionally popular ice sport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://old.rusbandy.ru/content.html@PageID=325|title=Russian Bandy Championship, 2006–7 season|publisher=bandy.ru|accessdate=October 3, 2010}}</ref> The Soviet Union won all the [[Bandy World Championship]]s for men between 1957–79<ref>{{cite web|author=Ralph Hickok |url=http://www.hickoksports.com/history/bandy.shtml |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020223063329/http://www.hickoksports.com/history/bandy.shtml |dead-url=yes |archive-date=February 23, 2002 |title=Bandy |publisher=Hickoksports.com |date=February 18, 2013 |accessdate=May 4, 2013}}</ref> and some thereafter too. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia has continuously been one of the most successful teams, winning many world championships.
 
 
[[File:Dmitry Medvedev 20 May 2008-2.jpg|thumb|Dmitry Medvedev with the [[Russia men's national ice hockey team]]]]
 
[[File:Opening of XXII Winter Olympic Games (2338-13).jpg|thumb|Opening of the [[2014 Winter Olympics]]]]
 
[[Association football]] is one of the most popular sports in modern Russia. The Soviet national team became the first European Champions by winning [[Euro 1960]]. Appearing in four [[FIFA World Cup]]s from 1958 to 1970, [[Lev Yashin]] is regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers in the history of football, and was chosen on the [[FIFA World Cup Dream Team]].<ref name="FIFA">[https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/players/player=174638/ "Yashin, the impregnable Spider"]. FIFA. Retrieved November 28, 2013</ref> The Soviet national team reached the finals of [[Euro 1988]]. In 1956 and 1988, the Soviet Union won gold at the [[Football at the Summer Olympics#Men's results|Olympic football tournament]]. Russian clubs [[PFC CSKA Moscow|CSKA Moscow]] and [[Zenit St Petersburg]] won the [[UEFA Cup]] in 2005 and 2008. The [[Russian national football team]] reached the semi-finals of [[Euro 2008]], losing only to the eventual champions Spain. Russia will host the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]], with 11 host cities located in the European part of the country and in the Ural region.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia announce the 11 host cities to stage matches for 2018 World Cup|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/sep/29/russia-host-cities-2018-world-cup|publisher=The Guardian|date=April 6, 2017}}</ref>
 
 
In 2007, the [[Russian national basketball team]] won the [[EuroBasket 2007|European Basketball Championship]]. The Russian basketball club [[PBC CSKA Moscow]] is one of the top teams in Europe, winning the [[Euroleague]] in [[2005–06 Euroleague|2006]] and [[2007–08 Euroleague|2008]].
 
 
[[Larisa Latynina]], who currently holds the record for the most gold Olympic medals won by a woman, established the USSR as the dominant force in gymnastics for many years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SPORT/07/07/oly.olympians/index.html|publisher=CNN| title=Legendary Olympians|date=August 19, 2008}}</ref> Today, Russia is the leading nation in [[rhythmic gymnastics]] with [[Yevgeniya Kanayeva]]. Double 50m and 100m freestyle Olympic gold medalist [[Alexander Popov (swimmer)|Alexander Popov]] is widely considered the greatest sprint swimmer in history.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lohn|first1=John|title=They Ruled the Pool: The 100 Greatest Swimmers in History|date=2013|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|page=35}}</ref> Russian [[synchronized swimming]] is the best in the world, with almost all gold medals at Olympics and World Championships having been swept by Russians in recent decades. [[Figure skating]] is another popular sport in Russia, especially [[pair skating]] and [[ice dancing]]. With the exception of [[Figure skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics|2010]] a Soviet or Russian pair has won gold at every Winter Olympics since 1964.
 
 
Since the end of the Soviet era, tennis has grown in popularity and Russia has produced a number of famous players, including [[Maria Sharapova]]. In martial arts, Russia produced the sport [[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo]] and renowned fighters, like [[Fedor Emelianenko]]. [[Chess]] is a widely popular pastime in Russia; from 1927, Russian grandmasters have held the [[world chess championship]] almost continuously.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessgames.com/wcc.html|title=Chessgames guide to the World Championship|publisher=Chessgames.com|accessdate=October 29, 2010}}</ref>
 
 
The [[2014 Winter Olympics]] were held in Sochi in the south of Russia. In 2016 the [[McLaren Report]] found evidence of widespread [[Doping in Russia|state-sponsored doping]] and an institutional conspiracy to cover up Russian competitors' positive drug tests.<ref>{{cite web|title=WADA Statement regarding conclusion of McLaren Investigation|url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2016-12/wada-statement-regarding-conclusion-of-mclaren-investigation|publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency|date=December 9, 2016}}</ref> As of December 1, 2017 25 athletes are disqualified, 11 medals are stripped.
 
 
Formula One is also becoming increasingly popular in Russia. In 2010 [[Vitaly Petrov]] of [[Vyborg]] became the first Russian to drive in Formula One, and was soon followed by a second – [[Daniil Kvyat]], from [[Ufa]] – in 2014. There had only been two Russian Grands Prix (in 1913 and 1914), but the [[Russian Grand Prix]] returned as part of the [[Formula One]] season in [[2014 Formula One season|2014]], as part of a six-year deal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia secures 2014 grand prix deal|url=http://en.espn.co.uk/f1/motorsport/story/31127.html|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=October 24, 2011}}</ref>
 
 
Russia will host the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]], this will be the first World Cup ever held in [[Eastern Europe]], and the first held in Europe since 2006.
 
 
===National holidays and symbols===
 
{{Main article|Public holidays in Russia|Cultural icons of Russia}}
 
[[File:Alyye parusa.jpg|thumb|left|[[Scarlet Sails (tradition)|Scarlet Sails]] celebration on the [[Neva]] river in [[Saint Petersburg]]]]
 
There are seven [[public holidays in Russia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sras.org/russian_holidays|title=Official days off for public holidays in Russia |publisher=Sras.org|accessdate=October 29, 2010}}</ref> except those always celebrated on Sunday. Russian New Year traditions resemble those of the Western Christmas, with [[New Year Tree]]s and gifts, and [[Ded Moroz]] ([[Father Frost]]) playing the same role as [[Santa Claus]]. [[Orthodox Christmas]] falls on January 7, because the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] still follows the [[Julian calendar]], and all Orthodox holidays are 13 days after Western ones. Two other major Christian holidays are Easter and [[Trinity Sunday]]. [[Kurban Bayram]] and [[Uraza Bayram]] are celebrated by Russian Muslims.
 
 
Further Russian public holidays include [[Defender of the Fatherland Day]] (February 23), which honors Russian men, especially those serving in the army; [[International Women's Day]] (March 8), which combines the traditions of [[Mother's Day]] and [[Valentine's Day]]; [[Spring and Labor Day]] (May 1); [[Victory Day (May 9)|Victory Day]]; [[Russia Day]] (June 12); and [[Unity Day (Russia)|Unity Day]] (November 4), commemorating the popular uprising which expelled the Polish occupation force from Moscow in 1612.
 
 
[[Victory Day (May 9)|Victory Day]] is the second most popular holiday in Russia; it commemorates the victory over [[Nazism]] in the [[Great Patriotic War]]. A huge [[military parade]], hosted by the [[President of Russia]], is annually organised in Moscow on [[Red Square]]. Similar parades take place in all major Russian cities and cities with the status ''[[Hero city]]'' or ''City of Military Glory''.
 
 
Popular non-public holidays include [[Old New Year]] (the New Year according to the Julian Calendar on January 14), [[Tatiana Day]] (students holiday on January 25), [[Maslenitsa]] (a pre-Christian spring holiday a week before the [[Great Lent]]), [[Cosmonautics Day]] (in tribute to the first human trip into space), [[Ivan Kupala Day]] (another pre-Christian holiday on July 7) and [[Peter and Fevronia Day]] (which takes place on July 8 and is the Russian analogue of Valentine's Day, focusing, however, on family love and fidelity).
 
 
[[File:Russian-Matroshka2.jpg|thumb|[[Matryoshka doll]] taken apart]]
 
State symbols of Russia include the [[Byzantine]] [[double-headed eagle]], combined with [[St. George of Moscow]] in the [[Russian coat of arms]]. The [[Russian flag]] dates from the late [[Tsardom of Russia]] period and has been widely used since the time of the [[Russian Empire]]. The [[Russian anthem]] shares its music with the [[Soviet Anthem]], though not the lyrics. The imperial [[motto]] ''God is with us'' and the Soviet motto ''Proletarians of all countries, unite!'' are now obsolete and no new motto has replaced them. The [[hammer and sickle]] and the full [[Soviet coat of arms]] are still widely seen in Russian cities as a part of old architectural decorations. The Soviet [[Red Star]]s are also encountered, often on military equipment and war memorials. The [[Red Banner]] continues to be honored, especially the [[Banner of Victory]] of 1945.
 
 
The [[Matryoshka doll]] is a recognizable symbol of Russia, and the towers of [[Moscow Kremlin]] and [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]] in Moscow are Russia's main architectural icons. [[Cheburashka]] is a mascot of the [[Russian national Olympic team]]. [[St. Mary]], [[St. Nicholas]], [[St. Andrew]], [[St. George]], [[St. Alexander Nevsky]], [[St. Sergius of Radonezh]] and [[St. Seraphim of Sarov]] are Russia's [[patron saint]]s. [[Chamomile]] is the [[national flower]], while [[birch]] is the [[national tree]]. The [[Russian bear]] is an animal symbol and a [[national personification]] of Russia, though this image has a Western origin and Russians themselves have accepted it only fairly recently. The native Russian national personification is [[Mother Russia]].
 
 
===Tourism===
 
{{Main article|Tourism in Russia}}
 
[[File:Grand Cascade of Peterhof 01.jpg|thumb|left|[[Peterhof Palace#The Grand Cascade and Samson Fountain|Grand Cascade]] in [[Peterhof Palace|Peterhof]], a popular tourist destination in Saint Petersburg]]
 
 
Tourism in Russia has seen rapid growth since the late Soviet period, first domestic tourism and then international tourism, fueled by the rich cultural heritage and great natural variety of the country. Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the [[Golden Ring]] of ancient cities, cruises on the big rivers like the [[Volga]], and long journeys on the famous [[Trans-Siberian Railway]]. In 2013, Russia was visited by 28.4 million [[tourist]]s; it is the ninth most visited country in the world and the seventh most visited in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-unwto.org/content/r13521/fulltext.pdf|title=Tourism Highlights 2014|publisher=UNWTO (World Tourism Organization)|format=PDF|date=2014|accessdate=January 20, 2015}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The number of Western visitors dropped in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rbth.com/business/2014/07/03/concern_in_russia_as_foreign_tourist_numbers_slump_37899.html|title=Concern in Russia as foreign tourist numbers slump|first=Viktor|last=Kuzmin|date=July 3, 2014|publisher=}}</ref>
 
 
[[File:Mamaev kurgan (ОКН).JPG|thumb|''[[The Motherland Calls]]'' in [[Volgograd]] is the tallest statue of a woman in the world (not including pedestals)]]
 
The most visited destinations in Russia are Moscow and Saint Petersburg, the current and former capitals of the country. Recognized as [[World Cities]], they feature such world-renowned museums as the [[Tretyakov Gallery]] and the [[Hermitage Museum|Hermitage]], famous theaters like [[Bolshoi Theater|Bolshoi]] and [[Mariinsky Theater|Mariinsky]], ornate churches like Saint Basil's Cathedral, [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]], [[Saint Isaac's Cathedral]] and [[Church of the Savior on Blood]], impressive fortifications like the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] and [[Peter and Paul Fortress]], beautiful squares and streets like [[Red Square]], [[Palace Square]], [[Tverskaya Street]], [[Nevsky Prospect]], and [[Arbat Street]]. Rich palaces and parks are found in the former imperial residences in suburbs of [[Moscow]] ([[Kolomenskoye]], [[Tsaritsyno Park|Tsaritsyno]]) and St Petersburg ([[Peterhof Palace|Peterhof]], [[Strelna]], [[Oranienbaum, Russia|Oranienbaum]], [[Gatchina Palace|Gatchina]], [[Pavlovsk Palace|Pavlovsk]] and [[Tsarskoye Selo]]). Moscow displays [[Stalinist architecture|Soviet architecture]] at its best, along with [[Moscow International Business Center|modern skyscrapers]], while St Petersburg, nicknamed ''Venice of the North'', boasts of its classical architecture, many rivers, canals and [[Bridges in Saint Petersburg|bridges]].
 
 
[[Kazan]], the capital of [[Tatarstan]], shows a mix of Christian Russian and Muslim Tatar cultures. The city has registered a brand ''The Third Capital of Russia'', though a number of other major cities compete for this status, including [[Novosibirsk]], [[Yekaterinburg]] and [[Nizhny Novgorod]].
 
 
The warm subtropical Black Sea coast of Russia is the site for a number of popular sea resorts, like [[Sochi]], the follow-up host of the [[2014 Winter Olympics]]. The mountains of the [[Northern Caucasus]] contain popular ski resorts such as [[Dombay, Russia|Dombay]]. The most famous natural destination in Russia is [[Lake Baikal]], ''the Blue Eye of Siberia''. This unique lake, the oldest and deepest in the world, has crystal-clear waters and is surrounded by [[taiga]]-covered mountains. Other popular natural destinations include [[Kamchatka]] with its volcanoes and geysers, [[Karelia]] with its lakes and [[granite]] rocks, the snowy [[Altai Mountains]], and the wild steppes of [[Tuva]].
 
 
==See also==
 
{{Portal|Russia|Europe}}
 
{{Wikipedia books|Russia}}
 
* [[Outline of Russia]]
 
* [[Consecration of Russia]]
 
* [[Index of Soviet Union-related articles]]
 
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* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17839672 Russia] from the [[BBC News]]
 
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513251/Russia Russia] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
 
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=RU Key Development Forecasts for Russia] from [[International Futures]]
 
 
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* [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552653 Post-Soviet Problems] from the [https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/browse?type=title Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives]
 
* [http://rbth.ru/ Russia Beyond the Headlines] International news project about Russia
 
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Revision as of 04:26, 28 September 2019

Note: This article is about the Scooby Gang member. For other uses, see Xander.

Seven years… Working with the Slayer. Seeing my friends get more and more powerful… All of them. And I'm the guy who fixes the windows. They'll never know how tough it is, Dawnie. To be the one who isn't chosen, to live so near to the spotlight and never step in it. But I know. I see more than anybody realizes because nobody's watching me.
―Xander[src]

Alexander Lavelle "Xander" Harris was the best friend of Slayer Buffy Summers and a founding member of the Scooby Gang. Being the only one of his group of friends to not possess any supernatural abilities, Xander was usually the one who saw everything beyond the supernatural. Besides this, Xander was known to be very humorous and sarcastic, especially in the face of danger.

Biography

Early life

You're a whipping boy. Raised by mongrels and set on a sacrificial stone.
―Snyder describes Xander in a dream.[src]

Xander was born to Anthony and Jessica Harris and grew up in the small California town of Sunnydale sometime before the middle of January in 1981.[6] Xander's father struggled with alcohol addiction while his mother's mental health declined; both parents were negligent and even abusive towards their son, leaving him with various insecurities.[7][8]

Xander's lifelong best friend was Willow Rosenberg, who secretly harbored a hopeless crush on him. The pair briefly "dated" when they were five, but broke up over a stolen Barbie.[9] In kindergarten, Xander suffered an unknown humiliation involving Aquaman underpants.[10] Xander and Willow developed a mutual hatred of their snobby classmate Cordelia Chase, which led them to form the "We Hate Cordelia Club", of which Xander was the treasurer.[11]

At his sixth birthday party, Xander's parents hired a clown which chased him; this traumatic incident gave him a lifelong phobia of clowns and caused him to suffer from nightmares.[12] When Xander did not get a toy fire truck for his seventh birthday, the house next door burned down and he believed that Willow had set the fire to let him see real fire trucks.[4] When he was seven, Xander had to take a test to see if he had a learning disability. Despite being a little slow on math and spatial relations, it was assured he wasn't "challenged".[13] When he was sixteen, he attended Willow's Bar Mitzvah, where his drunken parents caused a scene.[7]

Sunnydale High

Crush on the Slayer

In his sophomore year of high school, Xander met Buffy Summers on her first day at Sunnydale High School and overheard her bizarre conversation with school librarian Rupert Giles regarding demons and vampires.[9] Xander and Willow discovered that Sunnydale was situated on a Hellmouth and that Buffy was actually the Slayer, granted supernatural powers and destined to fight the forces of evil.

XanderWttH

Xander bumps into Buffy and finds the stake that spilled from her purse.

When his other best friend, Jesse McNally, was kidnapped and turned into a vampire, Xander fought him and accidentally staked him when someone pushed Jesse into the stake Xander was holding. After stopping the Harvest together, Buffy, Xander, Willow, and Giles formed what Xander named as the Scooby Gang, a small group of allies who helped the Slayer fight the forces of darkness.[14]

Xander acted mainly as a sideman alongside Buffy who always provided constant comic relief. One of the main aspects in his sophomore years was his longing attraction for Buffy which he quickly developed upon seeing her. This was put alongside when a beautiful substitute biology teacher named Miss French directed his interest into her. Ignoring Buffy and her suspicions about Miss French, Xander ended up finding out she was actually the She-Mantis, a giant insect that disguised itself as a beautiful woman to seduce, mate with and eventually eat male virgins. Buffy saved Xander before he could be raped and decapitated, and his attraction was returned to her.[15]

Thepack

Xander becomes possessed by a hyena spirit at the local zoo.

His feelings took a dangerous turn when he and a gang of bullies were possessed by the spirit of hyenas through a Primal ritual. This twisting his feelings to the point of obsession where he sexually assaulted Buffy as well as committing several other exploits such as bulling students, insulting Willow, and eating a live pig. Buffy and Giles eventually found a way to remove the hyena spirit from him and the other students. Embarrassed, he pretended that the experience was removed from his memory, with only Giles being aware of his memories.[16]

Returning to his schoolboy crush, Xander showed great jealousy to any man Buffy took an interest such as her brief relationship with loner Owen Thurman and her attraction to the handsome stranger Angel.[17] His hostility towards Angel grew stronger when he learned that Angel was a vampire, albeit one with a soul. He encouraged Buffy to kill him since she was the slayer and was willing to do so when it seemed that he hurt her mother. Finding out he was framed, Xander still didn't trust Angel and was shocked to discover Buffy still liked him.[18]

File:S01E12-19.jpg

Xander saves Buffy after performing CPR.

Come Prom time, Xander finally admitted his feelings to Buffy, wanting to take her as his date. Buffy did not share the same feelings and rejected him, leaving him bitterly disappointed. He then asked Willow on the rebound, but, despite her crush on him, rejected his offer as she knew his true intentions. Saddened and depressed, Xander lied on his bed and listened to country music ("the music of pain"). However, he still made it his mission to save Buffy when he was told she went off to fight the Master, despite destiny claiming she would die. Xander teamed up with Angel to look for her but was too late as the Master already drowned her. As Angel had no breath, Xander saved Buffy's life by performing CPR, allowing her to kill the Master.[19]

Overcoming insecurity

XANDER inca mummy girl

Xander finds trouble with a girl who isn't what she appears to be.

In his junior year, Xander still continued to have an attraction for Buffy, but to a lesser extent, despite having threatened to kill her when her new distant and emotionally crude attitude after her death experience got Willow kidnapped by vampires.

During a foreign exchange student program, he fell for Buffy's assigned partner, Ampata Gutierrez; however, he soon discovered she was an awoken Inca Mummy in disguise as a Peruvian exchange student. As she needed to suck the essences of others to survive, effectively killing them, Xander refused to let her take Willow's life so they could be together and she then died. Being his second supernatural love interest, Xander noticed a pattern which would soon follow up.[20]

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Xander becomes a commando during a Halloween curse.

On Halloween, Sunnydale fell victim of the Ritual of Janus, which caused trick-or-treaters to take on the personalities and/or traits of their costumes, transforming Xander into an armed and experienced soldier. When the spell was lifted, he retained his memories and knowledge of the military, giving him better fighting skills and the know-how on using certain weapons or technology.[21] This came at its handiest when Buffy needed to disassemble the Judge, a powerful demon who was invincible and could kill with a touch. With his knowledge, Xander got into a military barracks by blackmailing a soldier who was dressed wrongly, allowing Xander to obtain a rocket launcher for Buffy.[11]

While hiding in Buffy's basement from the demonic assassin Norman Pfister, the tension between Xander and Cordelia resulted in a kiss. They tried to deny their attractions but couldn't resist each other and the pair began a secret relationship, consisting largely of making-out in a closet.[22] When Willow discovered their affair, she was devastated and offended that Xander would rather be with Cordelia than her.[11] Eventually, Cordelia's friends found out about the relationship as well, and Cordelia became alienated from the popular crowd, leading her to break up with Xander on Valentine's Day.

XANDER bewitched, bothered & bewildered

After a spell goes array, every woman and girl in town obsesses and wants Xander.

Wanting revenge, Xander coerced the witch, Amy Madison into casting a love spell on Cordelia so he could dump her so she could hurt her as she hurt him. The spell backfired, and Xander became irresistible to every female in Sunnydale except Cordelia.

He took no enjoyment and rejected all the advances from Amy, Willow, and even Buffy, instead, he tried to avoid the obsessed women who then aimed to kill him out of the desire to stop Xander falling in the hands of Cordelia, who accompanied him in his escape as she was targeted for rejecting him. As the spell was broken, Cordelia, realizing that Xander genuinely cared for her, reunited with him in defiance of her former friends and the two started an open relationship afterward.[23]

XANDER go fish

Xander joins the swim team to try and help figure out what is happening to the players.

After the suspected deaths of Sunnydale High Swim Team by fish-like beasts, Xander infiltrated the team by joining them, which required him to wear small red Speedos to the pleasure of Cordelia and Willow. He soon discovered that the swim team members were actually becoming Gill Monsters as opposed to being killed by them. Exposed by the performance-enhancing cold war drugs that initiated the change via aromatherapy, Xander feared he would become one of those monsters until he received the necessary treatments to undo the process when he and Buffy stopped the swim team's insane Coach who perpetrated the transformations.[24]

When Angel lost his soul and reverted to the evil Angelus, Xander felt that his long-standing mistrust of the vampire had been validated, especially when he murdered Giles' girlfriend and Sunnydale High teacher Jennifer Calendar.[25] A rage-filled Xander opposed Buffy's back-up plan for Willow to re-ensoul him if required, believing Buffy wanted to forget his actions to get her boyfriend back.

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Xander pushes Buffy to slay Angel.

The attempt of re-ensouling Angel failed when his minions attacked the Scoobies, causing a fight in which left Xander with a broken his arm, Willow unconscious at the hospital, Giles kidnapped, and Kendra Young dead. Xander took the opportunity when Buffy was willing to kill Angelus and encouraged her to do so, deliberately neglecting to tell her that Willow was planning to attempt the ritual him once again. Xander later rescued Giles during their ambush Angelus' mansion, before Buffy sent the newly ensouled Angel to hell.

Finding his identity

In his senior year of high school, Xander joined Willow and her new boyfriend Oz in patrolling for vampires at night in place of Buffy who left Sunnydale to L.A. without a word after her encounter with Angel. When she returned, Xander argued his disapproval for her leaving during her welcome back party, acknowledging that she was selfish to run away, especially from her mother.

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Xander defends Joyce after Buffy almost leaves again.

Adding to further disappointment from Buffy, Xander was the first of the Scoobies to discover Angel's return from Hell, and that Buffy has been secretly rehabilitating him and still had feelings for him when he found them passionately kissing. Furious and disgusted that Buffy still loved Angel after Angelus' siege against Sunnydale only a year before, Xander immediately informed the other Scoobies of Angel's return and even went so far as to manipulate Faith Lehane into attempting to slay him. However, when Angel saved Willow from being killed by the corrupt ex-Watcher Gwendolyn Post, Xander begrudgingly accepted him back into the fold.[26]

Suddenly, Xander began to have a romantic interest in Willow and she to him, leading to several secret kisses between them which were problematic because of their current respective partners. While Willow tried to find a way to end their urges through magic, they were kidnapped by Spike, a vampire that rampaged in Sunnydale for a period with his lover Drusilla who took Willow so she would use her skills in magic to create a love spell on Drusilla after she dumped him.

XANDER lover's walk

In their senior year, Xander and Willow become more than friends.

Injured, Xander and Willow shared their final kiss that contributed to Cordelia suffering a near-fatal injury after she and Oz discovered the two in the act.[27] He appeared to her at the hospital with flowers and she immediately told him to stay away from her, thus ending their relationship. Returning to school, Cordelia's anger along with being mocked by her friends when she reunited with them, led to the arrival of the misandrist vengeance demon Anyanka in Sunnydale, though she was quickly depowered into a human.[28]

Following their break-up, Cordelia stepped up her usual ridicule of Xander, labeling him "the Zeppo" and mocking him for being useless compared to his friends, who were Slayers, witches, werewolves, and vampires.

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Unknown to the others, Xander alone stops a group of zombie delinquents.

In an attempt to prove her wrong, Xander acquired a hotted-up car which led him to embark on an adventure with a group of zombies, led by tough-guy Jack O'Toole who used Xander as transportation. However, when O'Toole and his friends tried to blow up Sunnydale High, Xander single-handedly put an end to their plan by convincing Jack to deactivate the explosives. While this happened, the other Scoobies fought to prevent the apocalypse from happening, dismissing Xander's involvement for his safety and remaining unaware of Xander's heroism the next day.[13] Also, during that insane day, Xander also lost his virginity to Faith after he aided her during a fight. After this, he believed he and Faith shared a connection, not knowing the full extent of her promiscuous behavior and that he was just another man used and thrown by her. As Faith wouldn't own up after murdering a human, Xander approached but ended up nearly being raped before Angel saved him.

XANDER the graduation day part two

Xander witnesses his school explode during graduation.

During the upcoming Senior Prom, Xander was asked by what was Anyanka, now Anya to go with her as neither of them had dates so he accepted. During this time, he discovered that Cordelia's family lost their wealth, home, and cars because of her father's tax evasion, and made peace with Cordelia by helping her pay for her prom dress. At his high school graduation, Xander led Sunnydale High's students against Mayor Wilkins and his vampires, acting as a commander alongside Buffy. After the school blew up and killed the Mayor, Xander expressed his happiness that high school was literally destroyed and that it was the best part of it, which was agreed upon the rest of his friends.[29]

Struggle with growing up

This is so like them lately. It's all about them and the college life. You know what college is? It's high school without the actual going to class. Well, high school was sort of like that too but the point is, I'm the one working hard to earn a living and it's a huge joke to them. "Xander got fired from Starbucks." "Xander got fired from the phone sex place…"
―Xander[src]
File:Xander the freshmen.jpg

Xander tells Buffy how she inspires him.

Xander's inferiority complex and feelings of isolation increased when he chose not to enroll in UC Sunnydale like Buffy, Willow, and Oz. After graduating from high school, he set upon a cross-country trip inspired by Jack Kerouac's On the Road that ended when his car broke down having only gone as far as Oxnard. Needing to pay for repairs, he was forced to take a job as a dishwasher at a "Ladies Night" club for a month and a half where no one ever spoke to him until one night when one of the male strippers called in sick, making him do the obvious, though he claimed: "no power on this earth would make me tell you the rest of that story". He then traded his car for one that wasn't "entirely made out of rust". In his entire trip outside of Sunnydale, the only aspect of knowledge gaining he accomplished was watching the film Grand Canyon, which he found was lame.

Returning to Sunnydale, he moved into his parents' basement where he had to pay rent. He arrived several days before his friend's first day at college without calling them, as he didn't want to help them move.

Xander and anya pangs

While sick and riddled with various diseases, Xander accepts Anya as his girlfriend.

Reuniting with Buffy, he continued to help the gang in fighting demons as well as hanging out with hem on campus. During this time, Xander took a series of odd jobs such as a food vendor, a phone-sex operator, and a deliveryman. His most notable jobs included being a bartender at the college bar after using a fake ID. There he served a brand of beer called Black Frost that, not to his initial knowledge, was cursed by the bar owner to turn the patrons, including Buffy, into savage cavemen, likely leading to the end of that job where he initially expressed the excitement of offering to light lonely patron's cigarettes. He also worked at a construction site, building a new Cultural Center that led him to be briefly contracted with mystical syphilis, malaria, and smallpox after he was attacked by the Hus, a vengeful Chumash spirit.

Shortly after his arrival to Sunnydale, Xander was approached by Anya who still had feelings for him and after a very little persuasion, he had sex with Anya and then began dating. Initially, his interest in Anya was purely sexual, but as time went on, he developed genuine feelings for her, eventually falling in love. Unfortunately, Xander's problems multiplied when he was forced to accept Spike as a roommate for a short time while the Scoobies were hiding from the Initiative.

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Spike tells and makes Xander believe he's useless.

Throughout the year, Xander relentlessly had to deal with the fact that his friends were going places in their lives while he struggled to see himself as a grown-up. These feelings were used against him when Spike, recruited the gang's newest big bad Adam, used the power of words to separate Buffy, Willow, Giles, and Xander. Spike made Xander feel he was useless in the gang and that his friends talked about sending him to the army, so Xander fled to the basement where he laid down in his bed in the nude. It wasn't until Anya came and made him feel important. He then rejoined his friends in their plan to defeat Adam. Walking through the Initiative compound, Xander helped Buffy clear through the various rioting demons with the help of an Initiative taser blaster. He then joined them in performing the Enjoining spell, binding their essences with Xander providing the "heart" in the team so they could defeat Adam.

Xander anya pangs

Xander helps to fight through the Initiative underground.

Later, when the four had a movie night at Buffy's house, Xander brought Apocalypse Now but they all fell asleep before it even began. Meanwhile, Sineya, the First Slayer, attacked them in their dreams, angry that Buffy worked with others to fight evil. In Xander's dream, he abstractly dealt with aspects with his life such as his inner primal desires, insecurity around others, loyalty to Buffy, relationship with Anya, crummy upbringing, and his journey in life.

Maturation

You know what? I'm sick of this crap. I'm sick of being the guy who eats insects and gets the funny syphilis. As of this moment, it's over. I'm finished being everybody's butt-monkey!
―Xander decides to take control of his directionless life.[src]

When the famous vampire, Dracula, came to Sunnydale in search of the Slayer, he hypnotized Xander into briefly becoming his willing manservant. Xander became a bubbling, spider-eating Renfield that escorted an entranced Buffy to Dracula as he was promised he would become a vampire.

Xander vs dracula

After Xander basically becomes Dracula's Renfield, he declares the end of his reputation as a "butt monkey" once and for all.

He tried to prevent the intervention of Buffy's current boyfriend Riley Finn but was easily taken out. As he regained consciousness, Buffy already bested Dracula and Xander, free from his thrall, expressed his anger, not only at Dracula but generally how he is the "butt monkey", and declared he will be no more.[30] Despite what Dracula did to Xander, the pair apparently remained in touch through letters following Dracula's departure.[31]

Xander later decided to move out of his parent's basement and try for an apartment, but he failed to impress the building manager with his inability to pay for it and his physical appearance, disappointing Anya who wanted him to buy it. When the demon Toth came in search of the Slayer and attack her with the Ferula Gemini, Xander took the blast for her and was then split into two separate beings; one displaying his strengths while carrying a flattened nickel and one displaying his weaknesses.

Xanderdouble

After Xander watches his replacement, he realizes he can also change and becomes a little more confident.

His stronger half excelled, dressing more presentable and getting a promotion in his current job in construction, which allowed him to lease the apartment. The weaker half-believed the other half was the evil weapon of Toth that used the nickel to mesmerize people into trusting him. While the stronger Xander was with Anya, the weaker Xander tried to kill him with Anya's revolver. After Toth was killed, the Xanders found out about their true nature as Toth actually wanted to split Buffy into two; one as her Slayer side and the other powerless which, because if one duplicate would die so would the other, making her easier to kill and meaning both Xanders could have died. Xander was returned back into one being, and Xander discovered that the real reason why one of them was so ambitious and fortunate was that it was his true potential.

However, as Riley helped Xander move out of the basement, Riley revealed to Xander that he knew Buffy didn't love him.[4] Xander kept Riley’s words a secret until he confronted Buffy, who was left with an ultimatum after she discovered Riley was secretly paying vampires to bite him for the rush (as he felt neglected by her). Riley told Buffy that he would be leaving her to rejoin the military.

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Xander becomes completely open and honest about his feelings toward Anya.

After Buffy killed Riley’s vampire clients, Xander came and told her that it was because she largely treated Riley as a rebound from Angel and asked her if she really wanted a serious relationship. She did but was too late and Riley left. Because of Buffy’s experience, Xander made it known that he fully appreciated his relationship with Anya, and how she made him feel like an adult.

Xander, however, later became the center of a conflict between Anya and Willow who had disagreements about running Giles' shop The Magic Box when he temporarily left it to them. Anya was suspicious of Willow's feelings for Xander despite the fact she discovered she was gay a year before while Willow became irritated by Anya's personality. This led to them accidentally summoning Anya's ex-boyfriend and now troll, Olaf, who rampaged through the streets of Sunnydale. Xander tried to rescue the girls but was easily overpowered and was forced to choose between them. Luckily, Buffy came, having grown emotionally respondent from Xander and Anya's relationship, and defeated Olaf before he was taken out of this dimension.[32]

Xander the gift

Xander and Anya look at Buffy's body after she sacrificed herself.

Shortly before going into battle with the hell-goddess Glory, Xander asked Anya to marry him should they survive, and she accepted. During the battle, Xander acted as one of the many pillars to weaken Glory. As Buffy temporarily lost Olaf's mystical hammer (acquired to use against Glory after his defeat), Xander used his skills as the "glorified bricklayer" against Glory by employing and operating a wrecking ball to keep her off her feet. Even though Glory was defeated, the portal to her dimension was opened via the blood of Buffy's sister Dawn, causing strings of lightning bolts to spark which made a load of wreckage fall onto Xander, but he was saved by Anya, who pushed him out of the way and took the damage. Xander later carried an injured yet living Anya just before the dead body of Buffy (who closed the portal by sacrificing herself).

Unready engagement

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Xander agrees to help Willow bring Buffy back from the grave.

For months after Buffy's death, Xander aided Willow, Tara and the Buffybot look after Dawn in her sister's absence. Xander had doubts about his future with Anya and didn't want her to announce their engagement during such a time when they were recovering from their loss. Xander hesitantly joined in Willow's spell to resurrect Buffy despite having deep doubts about it.

As the spell was successful, Xander announced the engagement during Halloween after seeing that everyone was happy after a strenuous day working at the Magic Box (with it being the appropriately themed holiday), letting it slip while watching Anya’s “Dance of Capitalist Superiority”. Xander also tried to help Buffy find a job by letting her try her hand at his construction site, making use of her superhuman strength. However, that only caused trouble for him when Buffy was attacked by a bunch of demons summoned by The Trio.

Xanya 1

Xander and Anya announce their engagement.

Hoping for a happy ending, Xander summoned the demon Sweet to turn Sunnydale into a living musical, which went horribly wrong when people started bursting into flames as well as singing their feelings out. During that period, Xander and Anya both expressed their love and excitement over their upcoming marriage while also revealing each other's flaws. Buffy also revealed that — while dead — she was actually in what she believed was heaven. and her return to life was hell by contrast.[33] Buffy then began a secret affair with Spike which Xander failed to notice despite some heavy indication when she was briefly turned invisible, having nearly caught them in the act during that period.

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Xander remains oblivious to Buffy and Spike's ongoing affair.

Xander and Anya showed both excitement and frustration on their upcoming wedding, as they both learned to Waltz while arguing about preparations, which became resolved after being given advice from Riley and his new wife Sam during a visit to Sunnydale in order to kill a demon. They concluded that they feared their wedding, not their marriage. Xander, however, was still unsure. His fears over marrying Anya were made worse during their wedding by a visit from a man who claimed to be his future self, showing him a bitter future trapped in a marriage similar to that of his parents. In reality, this man was Stewart Burns, who had been turned into a demon by Anya and was seeking vengeance from her. Although the vision was also revealed to be false, Xander became more conscious of the doubts he was already having, especially seeing his drunken father abuse Xander's mother and insult Anya's demonic "family". To avoid hurting Anya, he decided to call off the wedding, leaving a heartbroken Anya at the altar.[7]

Xander hells bells heartbreak

Xander decides he doesn't want to repeat his parents' marriage and leaves Anya at the altar.

Xander then fled to a hotel for the night before returning to his apartment where he drowned his sorrows in beer and music. Xander attempted to fix things with Anya as he still loved her. However, Anya returned to the vengeance fold and tried to have Xander's friends make wishes against him. Failing to do so, Anya became drunk with Spike and subsequently had sex with him. Discovering them in the act, Xander attacked and very nearly killed him in a jealous rage, but abandoned those plans out of anger and disgust when he and the other Scoobies discovered that Buffy and Spike had been sleeping together behind their backs for quite some time.[34]

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Xander drowns his sorrows.

When Spike subsequently attempted to rape Buffy, Xander was infuriated, and later realized that Buffy had not told them about her relationship with Spike because she knew that Xander would react as he had. After a peaceful conversation, Xander subsequently made amends with Buffy.[35]
Meanwhile, Tara was fatally shot by Warren Mears, who was trying to kill Buffy. Xander blamed himself for both that and Willow’s subsequent turn to the dark side, remarking that he had seen Warren’s gun before he raised it and was merely frozen with fear while he shot both Buffy and Tara. Xander supported Willow’s intentions to kill Warren in revenge until she actually did so.[36]

Xander grave

Xander saves the world by stopping Willow with the power of love.

Willow attempted to destroy the world, and as Buffy was unable to stop her, Xander came to Willow, claiming if the world were to end he would be by her side. Even as Willow attacked him, Xander simply refused to leave her and said that he still loved her — which managed to return her to her senses and restore her humanity.[37]

The one who sees

They'll never know how tough it is, Dawnie. To be the one who isn't chosen. To live so near to the spotlight and never step in it. But I know. I see more than anybody realizes because...nobody's watching me. I saw you last night. I see you working here today. You're not special. You're extraordinary.
―Xander[src]
Xander, buffy and dawn lessons

Xander shows Buffy the blueprints of the new Sunnydale High School.

The following year, Xander looked after Dawn along with Buffy while Willow was away in England for rehabilitation with Giles. He continued a steady career in construction where he was one of the workers who built the new Sunnydale High. This allowed him access to a map of the restored school where Dawn attended that year so she could avoid any supernatural occurrences though this did not stop Dawn from encountering a group of evil manifestations on her first day which Xander defeated by destroying their talisman.

As the remaining Scoobies came into contact with a still-demonic Anya, Xander struggled over his feelings for her. He protested to the notion of Buffy killing Anya after she had a group of frat boys killed, believing there was still a chance to redeem her even though Anya didn't believe it herself. He warned Anya of Buffy's intentions but Anya nevertheless fought back until her boss D'Hoffryn intervened, having been summoned by a recovering Willow. In order to revive the frat boys, Anya was stripped of her powers once more and she and Xander finally broke up for good, despite admitting that they still loved each other, though they did continue to have the odd fling in times of crisis.

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Xander and Anya mutually decide to ends things once and for all.

Xander played an active role during Buffy's conflict against the First Evil and his attempt at ending the Slayer line by murdering all Potential Slayers in Buffy's protection. It was his job in construction that provided Buffy an arena to fight the near-invincible Turok-Han vampire in order to provide an example towards the Potentials. Dawn mistakenly believed herself to be a Potential Slayer, Xander empathized with her disappointment at not being the one in the spotlight, while also praising her initiative when she encouraged the actual Potential Amanda to follow her destiny.[38]

Xander potential

Xander helps Dawn understand their part in all this, as well as his admiration toward her.

Xander had his left eye gouged out by the evil preacher Caleb, and began wearing an eye patch.[39] Despite his insistence on fighting side-by-side with Buffy, Xander was pleaded to drive himself and Dawn out of Sunnydale as the two of them were the most vulnerable. He had to have her chloroformed as she couldn't be negotiated with but ended up being tasered unconscious and driven back to the Summer's home by Dawn herself.

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During their fight with Caleb, Xander's eye is gouged out.

In the final battle against the First Evil, Xander fought alongside Dawn while Anya was killed by a Bringer's sword, and her body remained in the new Sunnydale High's ruins as the empty town was swallowed by the earth. Andrew Wells, whom she had fought alongside, comforted Xander by saying that Anya had died saving his life. Xander replied by saying "That's my girl. Always doing the stupid thing."

Watcher

Tales of the Vampires 03 p20

Xander as Dracula's manservant.

Following Sunnydale's destruction, Xander took a "leave of absence" from the Scooby Gang to mourn Anya's death.[31] He spent some time in Africa,[40] and eventually reunited with Dracula. Falling under his thrall again, Xander resumed his old position as the vampire's loyal manservant, living with him in his Transylvanian castle for several months, during which the pair provided each other company and Xander taught Dracula how to ride a motorcycle. Buffy eventually tracked her friend down and showed up at Dracula's castle with two other Slayers in a bid to rescue him, but the brainwashed Xander remained loyal to his "master" and tried to fight them off. Eventually, Dracula admitted that Xander belonged with his friends, and, after an emotional farewell, released him from his trance.[41]

Xander returned to the Scooby Gang, which had expanded into a worldwide organization, and took on a Watcher-like role leading various Slayer squads from the central command base in Scotland via computer screens and earpieces.[42] Xander became a confidante to Dawn after she was turned into a giant by her Thricewise ex-boyfriend Kenny; she admitted to only Xander that Kenny cursed her because she slept with his roommate Nick. Xander also began a flirtatious relationship with a Slayer named Renee, eventually asking her out on a date.

B8-02-00b

Xander leads the Slayer Organizations beside Buffy.

When the Scoobies came under attack from Japanese vampires with unusual powers, Xander reluctantly recruited his former master Dracula as an ally to help bring them down.[43] In Tokyo, the Slayers confronted the vampires, and Renee was brutally killed by the leader, Toru.[44] Dracula protected a grief-stricken Xander during the battle and fought Toru, but handed the killing blow over to Xander, who beheaded him. Afterward, Xander scattered Renee's ashes and told Dracula that he would no longer be the vampire's manservant.[45]

Dawn's bizarre mystical transformations continued when she turned into a centaur; Xander assured her she looked "awesome" as a centaur and even rode her to safety when their Scotland base came under attack from the Twilight Group. When she was finally released from her transformation curse by Kenny, she and Xander realized they had developed romantic feelings for one another and began a relationship in private. This relationship was eventually discovered by a devastated Buffy, who admitted that she too was now attracted to Xander.[46] Buffy tried to explain her feelings to Xander, but he gently dismissed them as her need for connection and informed her that he was in love with her sister.[47]

B8-27-00b

Xander and Dawn get closer while caught up in a war.

When the apocalypse, known as Twilight, threatened the existence of the entire universe, Xander suggested to Dawn that if they survived, the pair of them get an apartment together and live a normal life. Dawn was later injured by a demon inside the crater that was once Sunnydale; Xander carried her to safety and accepted medical help from their enemy, the General. The General observed that Xander and Dawn were ordinary people caught up in a magical war that wasn't theirs, leading Xander to believe they wouldn't survive. After she and Xander witnessed Giles die, Buffy finally defeated Twilight by smashing the Seed of Wonder but severed Earth's connection to magic in the process.

As a dazed Angel awoke from his possession, completely ignorant of his killing of Giles, Xander flew into a murderous rage. He violently assaulted him and punched him multiple times, too far gone into irrational fury to listen to Angel's vain explanations of being taken over by Twilight. Xander grabbed the scythe and prepared to stake him, permanently ending his existence. However, Buffy quickly intervened and prevented him from killing Angel much to his indignation. As a tearful Buffy pleaded to him that she didn't want to lose anyone else especially Xander himself by crossing a line, he backed down and relented. As the feeling of despair and loss overcame them, they both gazed sadly at Giles' dead body.[48]

World without magic

B9-16-00b

Xander and Dawn live together in San Francisco.

With magic cut off from the world, the Slayer organization disbanded and the Scoobies returned to relatively normal lives. As they had planned, Xander and Dawn moved into an apartment together in San Francisco, with Xander resuming his career in construction. As time passed by, Xander struggled with his retirement into normalcy for the most part. He helped Buffy who was earlier caught by the cops[49] and briefly came out of retirement to help Robert Dowling against the zompire version of his partner Miranda Cheung, giving the policemen advice by referring to the first vampire he staked, his friend Jesse.[50] Xander spent time with Buffy at his house, rekindling their friendship that was previously somewhat distant during most of the year. He had even playfully, along with Dawn, teased her about the cop Dowling and over whether or not she liked him.[51]

However, this moment of peace and enjoyment was soon broken. Dawn's health continued to deteriorate, much to his distress. Eventually, his girlfriend suddenly passed out. Immediately, Xander transported her to the hospital to have her treated. Much to his confusion, the doctor claimed she fell into a coma but he could see nothing wrong with her at all. Soon after, Buffy, Andrew, and Illyria finally arrive. It didn't take very long to figure out what was wrong with her. Xander and Buffy were horrified to realize the end of magic was the cause of this, Illyria elaborating by the shocking truth of Dawn's essence fading away because of her former status as The Key. In other words, she was on the way to her death and nothing could stop it.

Later, at Andrew's apartment, Buffy followed him out on the balcony to comfort him over what was happening. Unfortunately for her, Xander's patience with her had broken entirely by that point. Fed up with everything, he let out all of his hidden resentment and anger towards his friend. He blamed Buffy for Dawn's condition, and she defended herself saying that the destruction of the Seed was the only choice she had. He proceeded to say she's to blame because she had sex with Angel and created Twilight in the first place. Still not willing to hear her excuses or explanations, she reminded him that Dawn was her sister and she wouldn't give up on her.[48]After her failed attempts to get help, Buffy once again attempted to persuade him that, to save Dawn, they had to work together. Xander was still furious and unforgiving with her, to the point he refused to talk to her directly. As Andrew "translated" for him, when she reiterated that Dawn's life being threatened was not her fault, Xander angrily stormed out of the apartment, sick of Buffy's indifference.

Dawn welcome to team part1

While living in San Francisco, Dawn grows very ill.

He reflected on how all he had done was "watch" the people he loved constantly dying in front of him, never being able to do anything to help. Xander struggled with his sense of helplessness as he saw Dawn fading out of a photograph he was carrying, remembering that he had stayed out of supernatural affairs to keep her safe. Suddenly, he was teleported to the location of Severin and Simone Doffler. Immediately on the defensive, he was about to attack Simone until she pulled out a gun. Simone and Severin express an awareness of what was happening to Dawn. Severin began to manipulate Xander to help them and in return, they will help him save her. He told him that he wanted to save his own deceased girlfriend he had to kill because of the end of magic and that, thanks to Illyria's powers, he could prevent Twilight from ever happening, in doing so prevent Giles' death, save Dawn, and all the other ill effects the destruction of the seed caused. In a moment of weakness, Xander asked him what it was he had to do. Severin explained all he needed him to do was steal the Vampyr book and that was it. Xander became suspicious and uncertain, questioning if they intended to kill Buffy. He assured him he didn't and all he wanted was the book.

Despite his uncertainty and great reluctance to betray Buffy, Xander was heavily tempted by the prospect of reversing Twilight and saving Dawn's life. Having reached his limit in the constant level of uselessness he had been feeling for years, Xander made the crucial decision to side with Simone and Severin and ultimately betray Buffy's trust as a result.[48] Having had Simone beat him up to make it seem like he rejected their proposition, Xander was teleported on the street where Buffy happened to be.

Despite his intentions, he had told her the truth about what they had wanted with him. He was clearly angered and annoyed when she has assumed he would betray her to stop Twilight from happening for a minute, though claimed that he did remember Buffy's sacrifice for Dawn's life and that he could not betray her with that knowledge. Xander continued to feed her information about Severin and their interest in the Vampyr book. Eventually, when Willow managed to make Dawn conscious and they formed a plan to go to the Deeper Well in England to charge her up, he had been persistent in going. His girlfriend had begged him to stay with her and that they didn't need his help, but Xander explained they could not save her and only he could when his plan was going into motion so therefore he had to go.

File:The core comic xander buffy.jpg

Buffy and Xander.

Reaching the Deeper Well with the other Scoobies, Severin and Simone were seen to be aware of what Buffy's plans were as Xander had already told them. Along with Buffy and Willow, the three stood up against Illyria's mystical council.[52] While Buffy and Willow fought against the council demons, Xander stood on the sidelines, texting Simone and Severin information. They were insisting they needed him to buy more time. Before Xander could think of something, he was attacked by a powerful demon. Buffy and the others quickly came to his rescue. As Buffy and Willow came up with a plan to move forward, Xander protested, arguing that they would die if they did. When they still did not change their minds, Xander panicked. Unable to watch his friends run blindly in an unnecessary battle, Xander spilled everything he had done with Severin and Simone to reverse Twilight and save Dawn. Buffy was the most affected his betrayal, angry and hurt. Everyone reaching a unanimous vote that it was Xander's fault, the group steeled themselves to stop Severin since what he was doing would create tears in the reality and end the world.[53]

While Buffy and Willow journeyed deeper into the Well, Xander was left on the sidelines since his friends no longer trusted him. Just then, he received a phone call. Xander answered the phone angrily, only to be surprised to realize that it was Spike who called him. While semi-snarking with each other, Spike informed him that Simone's secret plan all along was to form an army of slayer-turned-zompires (or as Xander called them, "slaypires") to rise up against Buffy and everyone else. When Spike told him of Dawn's form starting to disappear as well as his own memories of her beginning to go, Xander ordered the vampire to put her on the phone. Dawn expressed her confusion and fear of her condition, while Xander tried to comfort her and told her that whatever happened, she would always be in his heart.

Armed with Spike's information, Xander sought to find Buffy. He quickly found her, only for them to both come across the dead body of renegade slayer Simone near the coffin of an Old One. He told her of Simone's plan and while Buffy still regarded him with hostility, she chose to believe him. While Buffy attempted to decapitate Simone, she suddenly woke up as a zompire and attacked them both.[54]

As Buffy's fight raged on with Simone, Xander grew increasingly impatient and tried to attack her many times. He was especially angry when Simone told him she never intended to help him with Dawn. Quickly, she dispatched him and pushed him off a ledge. However, Xander was saved by Willow. Turning his attention back to the fight, Xander was horrified to see an unconscious Buffy held limply by her scythe, Simone having severely overpowered in her moment of distraction.[55]

Personality

Sorry. Joking in the face of death. I do that.
―Xander[src]
Xander School Picture silly

Xander, the cheeky teenager.

Xander's most notable character trait was his sarcastic, flippant attitude and sardonic views on life. He often joked in serious situations or when someone made what was intended to be a dramatic statement which is usually unnecessary. He frequently quipped about school his family, and his romantic life; in the case of the former two, this appeared to be a cover of his dislike for both. He was scared of failing his friends as well as not making something of himself, as indicated by his dreams when he continually returned to his basement.[8]

Xander's hidden feelings of being a failure in the eyes of his loved ones and never being able to help them enough continued to build more and more throughout the years. While Dawn was on her way to her death, he bitterly reflected that all he has ever done is "watch". He had never been able to truly save his friends when it really mattered, causing a deep-rooted self-loathing and inferiority complex. This escalated to the point that he had decided to betray Buffy by teaming up with Severin to undo Twilight, unable to sit back and watch anymore if there was a possibility he could do something about it.[48] Additionally, even after he got over his crush on Buffy, Xander continued to show obvious jealousy of Buffy's boyfriends, the only exception being Riley, with whom he formed a friendship.

Although Xander was often laid-back and easygoing, he could overreact in certain situations and lose his temper. He also had a frequent tendency to quip against his foes with the most ridiculous choice of words, often finding something insulting to say. He was usually comically surprised and angry during one of the rare occasions he could not think of one. Being protective by nature towards his friends, especially Buffy and Willow, Xander was very loyal to friends who he viewed as family. When Willow was kidnapped,[56] a furious Xander told Buffy he would kill her if Willow got hurt; after Spike attempted to rape Buffy, Xander remained openly hostile and distrustful of him even after learning that he had regained his soul, certain for some time that Spike would attempt to do so again at the first opportunity. Xander had also nearly staked Angel when he had snapped Giles' neck under the possession of Twilight, stopped only because of Buffy's interference.[48]

He would speak his mind on issues involving his friends and be always willing to stand by and fight for them when necessary. Xander was very forward and brutally blunt when it came to expressing his opinion, never afraid to speak out and tell his friends if they're doing something wrong, making him very opinionated; this has caused him to clash and argue with his friends many times, especially Buffy.

File:Replacement256.jpg

Quirky Xander does his Scooby dance for Willow.

Despite not being supernatural, Xander became more brave and courageous and was quite useful. Another notable trait of Xander, unlike his best friend Willow, was his tendency to hold grudges. It usually took him a very long time to let things go, especially in the case of murderers. He could be very judgmental and critical of others to an extreme, even if he was no better. Xander always swallows his pride and decide to let it go and trust them. Xander does see the good or best in people whether he trust them or not. He is very loyal to the group. Mostly he usually the straight man to the group.

Xander is Christian,[57] had a fixation on the Chinese actress Amy Yip,[58] and his astrological zodiac sign was Capricorn.[59]

Powers and abilities

You're the one who sees everything, aren't you? Well, let's see what we can do about that.
―Caleb[src]
File:622 Grave.jpg

Xander's love and loyalty for his friends is his true power.

Xander demonstrates that even an "average" person can make a difference and save the world. He never developed any permanent superpowers of his own but gained much experience from battling by Buffy's side. As Buffy explains to the Watchers Council, Xander had "clocked more field time" than all other Watchers combined.[60] His gifts of persuasion and empathy were often his most useful assets. For example, Xander saved the world from Dark Willow, using only his words.[37] He also recognized that Buffy and Riley were "imploding" and forced Buffy to accept responsibility for the failed relationship.[61]

While possessed by a hyena spirit through a Primal ritual,[16] Xander exhibited enhanced strength, heightened senses, as well as predatory instincts, a taste for fresh raw meat, and a lack of social inhibitions. He lost all of these capabilities when the spirit was exorcised; while he retained his memories of this experience, he kept it secret from everyone except Giles.

Xander was briefly transformed into a soldier under the effect of the Ritual of Janus, and thereby acquired knowledge of military training, tactics, codes, and weapons handling techniques, enabling him to steal and use a rocket launcher to destroy the Judge,[11] and later to organize and lead a group defense against Mayor Wilkins after his Ascension to Olvikan was completed.[29]

File:S2 Halloween Xander Soldier.jpg

Due to the Halloween curse that turned him into a soldier, Xander gained knowledge that helped Buffy in several missions.

These skills slowly decayed by his own admission,[62] and he was later unable to decipher Riley's military hand-signs while on patrol.[63] While he also demonstrated knowledge of the First's hypnotic control over Spike,[64] he claimed this was just from seeing military films and not from his "army days".

Through the Ferula Gemina, Xander had his personality temporally split into two different beings.[4] One Xander possessed Xander's more aggressive traits, such as his courage and confidence, easily getting a promotion and a large apartment, in addition to some of Xander's impetuous qualities and impatience. The other Xander possessed his more passive traits, including his sense of humor and fun, in addition to being highly insecure and paranoid, believing his double to be a demon who was hypnotizing his friends and trying to steal his life.[65] However, both Xander's were both fiercely protective of Anya. Shortly before Willow fused them back together, they showed the same quirks, causing Giles to proclaim him "a bad influence on himself."

Even if his long-term strategy skills deteriorated with his military expertise, he retained an expert ability to think on the fly, mostly relating to talking to others in stressful situations. He managed to convince Jack to not blow up the school (which would, unknown to Jack, doom the world due to the Hellmouth opening that night) with nothing other than his words and threatened both Angel and Angelus into complete submission; even if he didn’t have the skills to back up those threats, Angelus, in particular, realized that Xander could lead the people around him, even those that didn’t know him, against him if he attacked. Additionally, his decision to hit Glory with the wrecking ball was not in the original plan and Giles even came to depend on his skills to talk Dark Willow down, which he did by relying on memory all the way back in kindergarten.

Xander was something of an expert on pop culture; he read X-Men comics[66] and referenced both the Human Torch and Nick Fury. Xander displayed the ability to read Klingon.[35] He often demonstrated pop culture knowledge rivaling Andrew's. Xander became a skilled carpenter, gaining practical job experience from repairing damage caused by various conflicts involving the Scooby Gang (most notably the windows at Buffy's house; Xander complained he was doomed to replace their windows for all eternity) and as a foreman of a construction crew.[4] Spike mockingly referred to Xander as "a glorified bricklayer."[67]

Caleb noted that Xander was "the one that sees everything", including his friends' flaws and strengths, more clearly than anyone else, simply because no one was looking at him. Dawn suggested this may be his superpower. This human (non-supernatural) strength — his insight, empathy, and understanding — was what prompted Caleb to take Xander's eye, also knowing it would incite Buffy's wrath. Xander also showed he was a skilled archer: he impaled Caleb's hand with an arrow from a distance.

Xander used his military knowledge to lead a paramilitary group of Slayers, witches, and seers based in a Scottish castle, viewed from outside as an international "terrorist" organization. The organization which he and Buffy headed employed high-tech and magical weaponry. Xander oversaw and orchestrated the efforts of Willow, Dawn, Buffy, and his Slayers through cameras and earpieces. He again displayed a broad knowledge of warfare and military operations by instructing the Slayers in the use of various modern weapons and basic strategy.[46]

He has excellent detective skills. Mostly he can figure out or work or successfully come up with great ideas when he works with the gang. He is very loyal to the group and is willing to take a bullet for his friends. When he started out, he and Willow were labeled as outsiders and geeks. Working with Buffy and Giles and researching and fighting off Vampires prove to be everybody that he could do more out there than anyone.

Relationships

Romantic

Why do demon women always find me attractive?! There has to be a reason!
―Xander[src]

A recurring joke about Xander was that he was a "demon magnet," as many of the women he had dated or been attracted to have turned out to be demonic or in some other way supernatural.

Buffy 1x04

Xander's somewhat intimate encounter with Miss French.

  • Natalie French (She-Mantis) — The real Natalie French was born in 1907 and taught for a few decades at Sunnydale High. Her name was stolen by a demonic she-mantis whose pheromones attracted many of Sunnydale's males. She drugged Xander's drink at her house and intended to mate with him before beheading him. Buffy managed to stop her and save Xander in time.[15]
File:BuffyInca.jpg

Xander shares his first kiss with the mummy girl Ampata.

  • Ampata Gutierrez — An Incan mummy girl, impersonating an exchange student named Ampata, wanted to live the normal life she had given up in order to save her people. She fell for Xander, as he was the first male she'd ever met who didn't treat her like a princess, but as a person. However, her relationship with Xander was short-lived; she attempted to kiss him (and thus drain him of his life in order to continue her own) when he offered himself to her to stop her from draining and killing Buffy and Willow. In the end, however, she collapsed as the life forces left her, and did not drain any of them.[20]
  • Kendra Young — Upon seeing the slayer, Xander became instantly attracted to her. He flirted with her, saying "You're a Slayer; I like that in a woman". Since Kendra had been taught to adhere to her slayer duties over interacting with boys, she nervously swelled into fear when she responded. Xander was then estranged by her reply and no longer made any moves afterward.[22]
  • Every woman in Sunnydale — After Amy performed a magic spell to make Cordelia fall madly in love with Xander just so he could break up with her and hurt her, it backfired and made every woman in Sunnydale (including Amy, Buffy, Willow, Jenny, Harmony, Joyce, Drusilla, Katherine Wexford, Gwen Ditchik, the lunch lady, among others) fall in love with Xander Harris. As a result, Xander was nearly killed by a veritable army of obsessed women resolved to kill anyone who would presented a barrier against their love for Xander — including Xander himself.[23]
CordyXander

Xander and Cordy

  • Cordelia Chase — Cordelia and Xander met as children and were antagonistic from the beginning, making their romantic relationship in high school all the more bewildering. However, Vampire Xander from the Wishverse did admit some attraction by describing Cordelia as an 'old crush'.[28] They faced several obstacles, including peer pressure from Cordelia's clique (she was ostracized from her social circle), Cordelia's self-involved and insensitive manner, and Xander's unresolved attraction to Willow, Buffy, and Faith. However, Xander did appear to have genuine feelings for Cordelia during their time together despite cheating on her with Willow. Cordelia also privately admitted to Buffy that she loved Xander, much to Buffy's surprise and that he "sorta grows on you, like a Chia Pet."[68] When Cordelia discovered Xander and Willow kissing in the basement of an abandoned factory (where they were being held prisoner), she ended their relationship for good.[27] Xander had called her many times and attempted to fix things with her, only to have Cordelia firmly ignore him, too humiliated and hurt to forgive him or get back with him ever again. After their breakup, Cordelia became more openly hostile and resented Xander, causing him to fall back on his sarcastic insults. After a particularly eventful and heroic night for him, Xander had been able to ignore her snarky remarks about his usefulness to the Scooby Gang, smiling at her smugly and not saying anything. This greatly confused and frustrated Cordelia.[13] Nonetheless, Xander retained his romantic affection for Cordelia, showing obvious jealous over her superficial attraction to the Wesley on many occasions.[69] While watching Cordelia cheer at a pep rally, he had claimed to Oz that he didn't understand why he wasted his time on her and that she wasn't that good-looking. However, his words were quickly contradicted after spotting Wesley look at her, saying in jealous spite "My God! He's lookin' at her! He's got his filthy Pierce Brosnan eyes all over my Cordy!"[70] After he had exchanged his daily dose of barbs with Cordelia, Willow had been frustrated, wondering why he always provoked and egged her on. Xander's simple response was: "I can't help myself. It's part of my nature. "Coming to the conclusion that her remarks were a bit more bitter than usual, he had once again taunted her, claiming that she wasn't accepted into any colleges. Angry, Cordelia revealed to him all of her college invitations while slightly surprised and impressed Xander.[71] Originally ignorant of his ex's problems, Cordelia, in a fit of stress and frustration, revealed to him her financial problems because of her father's unpaid taxes and how she couldn't even afford the dress she wanted for the prom. Xander quickly felt sorry and regretted his harsh words before; deciding to not tell the Scooby Gang that she was broke like she had assumed he would. He secretly bought the dress for her she couldn't afford, earning him Cordelia's deep gratitude. He had complimented that it looked good on her and they seemed to settle on a hesitant friendship. Cordelia and Xander spent some time together as friends throughout Graduation[72] and she helped defeat the Mayor.[73] After graduation, their lives took different paths; he remained in Sunnydale and fought evil with Buffy, and she moved to Los Angeles to become an actress and later to "help the helpless" with Angel.[74] Cordelia was the only non-supernatural girl he dated. Ironically, she did later become a seer half-demon on Angel.[75]
Xander Faith Zeppo ep

Xander and Faith have a quick tryst.

  • Faith Lehane — Some weeks after his relationship with Cordelia dissolved, Xander found himself helping Faith fight a demon one night. After the battle, an adrenaline-fueled Faith took Xander back to her apartment and had sex with him; this was Xander's first sexual encounter. She hastily threw Xander out of her apartment afterward once she finished with him.[13] Weeks later, after Faith had gone rogue and killed a man, Xander confronted her about her actions, mistakenly believing that they had a connection. Faith started to rape Xander and then to strangle him before being hit in the head with a baseball bat by Angel. Faith mentioned that she never wanted a relationship like Xander thought that she did, and was mere with him for the sex.[76] While in Buffy's body, after hearing about Xander and his new girlfriend Anya's romantic evening which would consist of having sex but candles, Faith commented on Xander's performance, remarking "wouldn't want to cut in that 7 minutes".[77] When some Potential Slayers complained about Anya mentioning her sex-life with Xander, Faith said that whenever she heard Anya talking about sex, she reminded Anya that she was Xander's first, which made her shut up. Years later, after Giles' death and the reading of his will, Xander was revealed to be quietly furious that Faith had received Giles's estate and horses while Buffy was only given the Vampyr book, Faith describing him as "practically shooting a hate beam at her and that was only with one eye."[78]
File:Xander&anya.png

Xander and Anya

  • Anya Jenkins — Xander originally held mild annoyance of Anya and was seen to be greatly confused that she had wanted to go to the prom with him, due to her disdain of men of any kind. Driven by desperation, Xander agreed to go with her but soon became visibly uncomfortable and overwhelmed with her gory stories of her vengeance demon days, so much so that he had rather wanted to talk to his ex-girlfriend Cordelia (who was with Wesley), displaying no jealousy in his desire to not hear her stories. They nonetheless shared an awkward dance.[73] As Anya developed feelings for him and tried to get into a conversation, Xander shared no mutual interest. Despite her offer to run away with her during the Ascension, Xander declined, deciding to stay and help his friends[72] Anya quickly returned to Sunnydale and immediately sought out Xander, openly wondering what place their relationship was out. He was shocked and overwhelmed by this, immediately confused by her belief that they actually had a relationship. He semi-seriously rejected her advances at first, reminding her that it just "happened" and it wasn't necessarily anything yet. Nonetheless, Anya continued her sexual advances, stripping down naked in front of him to get him to sleep with her so he was "out of her system". Stunned, Xander at first told her sex was about expressing feelings and consequences but he did like her "directness". At the information that she had condoms, Xander quickly gave him, saying " And the amazing thing? Still more romantic than Faith." They had sex, causing Anya to claim she was "over him". Xander didn't seem to care much, just agreeing which only angered her. She once again tried to talk to him, only to get dismissively brushed off by him as Buffy was in danger.[79] Relentless as ever, Anya returned with her feelings for him still intact. Xander was shocked by this, assuming she was over him (much to Anya's frustration). Beginning to develop slightly serious affection for her, he offered her to come to the Halloween haunted house with his friends, admitting it had "date-like qualities".[80] Xander and Anya soon started dating.[81] Anya became disappointed and dissatisfied with him, believing that Xander did not care about her feelings or whatever happened to her, all he cared about was sex. Xander was annoyed by her desire for more attention, glibly saying "You really have become a real girl, now have you?" However, Anya soon saw he really did care for her when he had violently attacked Spike for assuming he had killed her.[82] Their relationship had another snag when Anya wrongly assumed that Xander was no longer interested in her since had hadn't had sex with her in two days. Xander disagreed, and tried to reassure her that there was more to their relationship than sex. Anya didn't listen and discussed her woes with Spike, connecting in their complicated relationships as well as the loss of their supernatural abilities. Xander was naturally jealous of Spike and ended up arguing with her, causing Anya to break up with him under the wrong belief he still wasn't into her. However, after battling together in the frat house, Xander and Anya made up and quickly got back together.[83] Anya comforted Xander in her own way after his fall out with his friends, Anya confessing to him she was in love with him for the first time. Xander was grateful for her support, but did not say he loved her back.[84] Anya began growing frustrated that Xander still in his basement, causing him to buy an apartment. After being split into two Xanders, it became clear that he did have more genuine feelings for her past physical. "Smooth Xander" alleviated Anya's fears of him finding her repulsive when she got old, saying that being human was not a bad thing like she thought. "Weak Xander" also became paranoid when he thought his more confident other was evil, declaring he could take anything else in his life but not Anya.[4] Despite Xander's continual stress over Anya's lack of social politeness and extremely blunt way of talking about their sex life, he fell deeply in love with her. After an argument with Buffy, he would finally admit that was was in love with Anya and that she made him feel something he had never felt before: like a man.[85] Conflict began to arise when Willow and Anya frequently argued together, causing Xander to be annoyed and angry they were trying to make him chose sides. Xander admitted to Spike he felt torn between his loyalty to Willow and his love for Anya. However, Xander refused to sacrifice either of them when Olaf gave had him in his clutches, even if it meant dying himself.[32] After sleeping together, Anya would express how it was meant to create life. Xander was uncomfortable at the insinuations, not nearly ready to have children with her. Anya agreed, insisted they could someday and that was beautiful. Xander was touched, showing further depth to their relationship.[86] After sleeping together on the eve of the battle with Glory, Xander suddenly proposed to Anya. She responded badly at first, believing he was only doing so because they were going to die, but happily accepted in the end.[87] However, Xander initially wanted to keep their engagement a secret following Buffy's death, much to Anya's great confusion and annoyance.[88] The two came very close to getting married and retained strong feelings for each other The two officially remained broken up, but once Xander lost his eye, Anya began to care for him more. The two became swept up at the moment when overhearing Willow and Kennedy, and Principal Wood and Faith, respectively, having sex. Before going into the final battle, Anya and Xander wished each other luck. Anya fought alongside Andrew, but she was killed by a Bringer. As the school was crumbling, Xander frantically called out Anya's name but didn't notice her body lying on the floor. When Xander asked Andrew what happened to Anya, he was told that she died protecting Andrew, to which Xander replies "That's my girl. Always doing the stupid thing."[89]
  • Julie — After temporarily separating from Anya from a fight during the Lowell House party, Xander showed a mutual attraction to a college girl named Julie. Xander played spin the bottle with her with seemingly purposeful intentions but when set to kiss each other he wasn't in for it and instead kissed her on the cheek. Julie, on the contrary, kissed him lustfully due to being possessed by a poltergeist who turns out to be a ghostly child who was abused by Genevieve Holt. She then ran off and Xander found her cutting her own hair in disgust.
  • Nancy — After being frustrated with his own relationship problems with Anya and others in the past, Xander luckily ran into Nancy and, along with the gang, protected her from a giant worm-like demon that was specifically attacking her. Xander walked her home, and, both new at dating, they awkwardly asked each other out. However, after finding out the demon was Nancy's ex-boyfriend who was turned into the worm-like creature by Xander's own ex-fiancée, Anya, the two never dated.[90]
  • Lissa — Approximately a year after his breakup with Anya, Xander took another dip in the dating pool, and impulsively asked out Lissa, a beautiful woman he met at a hardware store. Their date went well until Lissa tied Xander to a torture wheel, revealed herself to be a demon, and cheerfully prepared to use Xander as a human sacrifice. Xander, before being rescued, pondered what caused him to keep getting involved with female demons and that there had to be a reason. This event frustrated him so much to the point that he even tried (unsuccessfully) to convince Willow to 'turn him gay' or 'gay him up.'[91]
  • Renee— Renee was a young Slayer who had a crush on Xander. Before Amy's army of zombies, she and another Slayer were talking about Renee's feelings for him, which she denied. Later, she and Xander joked with each other and he comforted her about feeling like she was doing a poor job as a Slayer. The pair traveled together to Dracula's castle and then to Japan to help Buffy get The Scythe back. Before they departed for The Scythe rescue mission, they shared a kiss and she asked Xander on a date. During the mission, however, Renee was killed by Toru, leader of the Tokyo vampires. After the mission, Xander spread her ashes on a Japanese garden.
File:712 Potential.jpg

At one time, Dawn had a crush on Xander. Later, they are friends and he even gives her pep talks.

  • Dawn Summers — During her childhood, Dawn had a crush on Xander which he was aware of but did not return, instead, viewing her as a little sister. Nonetheless, he was very fond of Dawn and tended to sympathize with her, in contrast to Buffy's more harsh approach to any mistakes she made.[92] Upon realizing Dawn was the Key, Xander was shocked but did his best to treat her normally. Xander once mentioned knowing about her past crush on him, and seemed to be flattered by it since she was once a "powerful being, big energy gal."[1] When told of Dawn's crush on Spike, Xander was shocked and slightly jealous since he had felt like the "cool one" through her feelings.[93] On one occasion, Xander displayed an attraction to Dawn when seeing her dance seductively with R.J. Brooks, only to be startled and horrified to realize it had been Dawn.[94] For the most part, Xander and Dawn's relationship was more like that of an older brother and younger sister. Xander became Dawn's only confidante throughout her many shape-shifting episodes. Following the retreat of the Slayer Organization to Tibet, Buffy found Xander and Dawn sharing a kiss. Xander told Buffy that he had truly fallen in love with Dawn. However, he admitted it was "not unweird, knowing her since she was little," but he also claimed she had grown as a person. After the Twilight crisis, Xander moved with Dawn into an apartment in San Francisco and they were officially together a couple. But they were not without their problems. While getting in an argument, Dawn had forced Xander to sleep on the couch for a few nights, as he had forgotten her birthday.[95] As the year carried on, Xander continued to be there constantly for Dawn as her health started to deteriorate more and more. Eventually, this climaxed in her falling into a coma and suffering from a mystical illness, slowly killing her due to being created from the Key that was a form of magic. Grief-stricken and feeling once again useless, Xander angrily took his emotions out on a wall punching it over and over again. Buffy took action and stopped his self-destructive behavior, only to have him turn on her instead. Venting his anger and guilt by self-projecting it on Buffy, they pulled out all of the stops to save Dawn.[96] Still driven by blind anger and helplessness, Xander reflected in his inner monologue that he had given up being involved in supernatural affairs to protect Dawn and now all he was doing was "watching" again. His sense of desperation and self-loathing built to the point he had decided to work with Simone and Severin if it meant he could save Dawn's life, knowingly betraying Buffy by doing so.[48] When Dawn was registered mostly conscious thanks to Willow, Xander had done his utmost to comfort her. He informed her of her fading away essence but promised her it would be fixed before anything could happen to her. When Dawn begged him to stay with her in San Francisco, Xander had rejected her pleas. He was resolved to save her on his own through the plans of Severin and Simone and did not see Buffy's plan involving the Deeper Well as successful.[52]. Eventually a few weeks after the defeating of D'Hoffryn they got back together, and they replied to Dracula "that they were taking it slow".

Friendships

Xander and Oz Fear Itself

Xander and Oz, friends.

  • Oz — Xander at first distrusted Oz when he started dating Willow as he talked about him while making out with Cordelia,[97] due to his natural distrust of someone in a band as well as some jealousy on his part. Xander eventually got over his jealousy of Oz's relationship with Willow and the two became friends, though Oz did punch him once when Xander upset Willow by rejecting her advances while she was under a love spell. After Willow cheated on Oz with Xander, Oz never expressed any hostility to him (though Xander noted he could tell Oz was angry with him due to his eyes, describing it as a "verbal non-verbal")[98] as with Willow and the two quickly sustained mutual respect, both of them once discussing the types of kryptonite from the Superman comics[99] or the best way to become a cool guitarist.[13] When reuniting in college, the two desisted from hugging as they both agreed they both were "too manly",[100] instead shaking hands which they later did when Oz returned.[101] A year later, Xander made a crude joke about sexbots only to earn glares from everyone, causing Xander to say "Too many girls. I miss Oz. He'd get it. He wouldn't say anything but ... he'd get it. "[102]
  • Jesse McNally — Before Buffy's arrival in Sunnydale, Xander, Willow, and Jesse were best friends united in their status as social outcasts. When Jesse was sired, Xander accidentally staked him when someone pushed Jesse onto a stake he was holding. Jesse's death left a strong impression on Xander and fueled his unconditional belief that vampires are no longer who they were when human and as demons deserve to die.
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Xander and Willow, friends since they were children.

  • Willow Rosenberg — Xander briefly "dated" Willow in elementary school but they "broke up" after he stole her Barbie.[9] Afterward, they remained friends for years and Willow retained a hopeless crush on him. A fact that Xander was apparently unaware of, as he often asked her for advice to win Buffy's affection. Willow forced herself to comply, as she already knew Xander didn't have a chance with her.[20] After a boring summer in 1997, Xander and Willow shared a moment of tenderness which was interrupted with Buffy's return.[56] Xander's affection for Buffy eclipsed any feelings he had for Willow and he didn't pursue anything with her, much to Willow's disappointment. When asked of what he felt about her by Buffy, Xander told her he loves Willow but only as a friend. However, by the time he jumped into a relationship with Cordelia, it was clear that he did indeed hold unresolved feelings for his best friend, as he displayed jealousy towards Oz[97] during their senior year, Willow and Xander started an affair, cheating on their respective others. Willow was consumed with guilt over this, even attempting a "de-lusting" spell until stopped by Xander. He had confessed to her that he wasn't sure why he was doing this, but he felt like he really saw her for the first time ever. Nevertheless, their tryst was ended permanently after being caught by Oz and Cordelia,[27] as both were too guilty to do such a thing again. Interestingly enough, Willow and Xander were seen in a relationship in the Wishverse, both vampires.[28] Afterward, Xander and Willow's relationship reverted back to strong, solid friendship with nothing else attached. Xander's friendship with Willow briefly became strained, as she expressed her dislike of Anya and how he was never without her around. However, both simultaneously turned against Buffy and disagreed that she would not allow them to help her against Adam. Xander was also informed of Willow's relationship with Tara, greatly shocked.[103] Invaded by the First Slayer, Xander had dreamed of Willow and Tara intimately with each other, as well as asking him to come to them. Despite his established platonic relationship with Willow, he had agreed only to of course end up losing them.[8] Willow's dislike of Anya would manifest to the point the two would drag Xander along with their arguments, much to his annoyance because he didn't want to choose sides. During a conversation with Spike, Xander admitted he felt torn because Willow was his best friend and he really valued her opinion despite his love for Anya. He also mentioned how she did not understand what he saw in Anya and it upset him. However, his bonds with them were put on even grounds when Xander refused to sacrifice one of them to Olaf even though it meant dying himself.[32] When she resolved to resurrect Buffy after her second death, Xander was not as fixed on it as Willow was. He openly admitted it felt wrong to him and worried about the consequences.[88] After seeing the full extent of the dark magic she used, Xander became concerned and expressed disapproval of her doing such a dangerous ritual.[104] Willow has reminisced on how attractive she thought Xander was.[7][105] It was also later revealed that Willow had at one point wrote angst-filled poems over her unrequited crush on Xander but when questioned of this later in life, she politely stated: "I'm over you, sweetie."[106] Ultimately, while the two are not in a relationship, they do have a great deal of platonic love for each other. This was pointed out repeatedly when Xander told Dark Willow that he loved "crayon-breaky Willow" just as much as "dark, veiny Willow" which ultimately stopped her from destroying the world, showing how strong and deep their bond is.[37] However, when Willow and the others discovered Xander's betrayal, she was definitely disappointed, saying that they could have gotten the magic, although she was not as furious as Buffy was.
  • Tara Maclay — Xander and Tara were good friends; Xander described Tara as one of his three favorite girls.
File:Buffy xander.jpg

Xander and Buffy were always close friends.

  • Buffy Summers — Seeing her on her first day at Sunnydale High, causing him to crash into a railing, literally falling head over heels.[9] He carried an obvious attraction and a very strong crush on her. However, Buffy was oblivious (Xander describing himself as "invisible" when to come to her) and ignored it, even when Xander had given her a bracelet.[107] Xander finally worked up the courage to ask Buffy out, only to be rejected by her as she did not carry the same feelings.[19] Despite this, Xander feelings for her remained strong and he elicited poorly hidden jealousy on many occasions of the men that Buffy actually paid attention to, Angel in particular. He had noted in annoyance that guys like them could get what they want (Buffy) without any real effort, unlike him.[108] Xander eventually entered a relationship with Cordelia, but still held unresolved feelings towards Buffy as well as Willow. Cordy noted this, especially expressing jealousy when Xander was determined to protect Buffy while in the hospital.[109] When under the love spell that made every woman in Sunnydale become infatuated with him, Buffy heavily flirted with Xander and even showed up in wearing nothing but a coat. Xander appeared to be tempted by Buffy's advances, even completely forgetting Cordelia for a moment. But in the end, he repelled her attempts despite his own feelings as she wasn't herself and it wouldn't mean anything to her. Buffy was immensely grateful that he didn't take advantage of the situation once the spell was broken.[23] When Buffy started college, Xander consoled a confused and lost Buffy, genuinely telling her that she was his hero and whenever he was in peril or scared, he always wondered what she would do in that situation. He also easily admitted that when it was dark and he was alone, he sometimes wondered what she was wearing, causing her to seriously tell him to never elaborate on that.[100] While undercover in the Initiative, Xander had attempted to make out with Buffy so they wouldn't "draw attention". Buffy immediately pushed him off, greatly annoyed since that would only draw more attention to themselves. Xander was embarrassed but remained unrepentant and defensive of his mistake.[110] When told by Spike that Buffy and Willow had suggested him joining the army, he had believed the lie. He ranted on how they thought they were better than him because of their "college life" while he struggled to find direction and make a living for himself. Xander had furiously turned against Buffy (along with Willow) when she had said it was too dangerous for them to fight with her. He had insulted Buffy as "superior" and having no respect for any of them, misinterpreting her concern as a demonstration of how little she needed them. Buffy was alarmed and hurt at how easily everyone was targeting her, saying she understood now why slayers didn't have friends.[103] After making peace with her and united together with a spell to defeat Adam,[84] Xander was given a fairly telling dream over his relationship with Buffy through the First Slayer. He viewed Buffy playing in a sandbox and warned her not to play in it because it was a "really big sandbox", and that she could not always protect herself. This was showcasing Xander's extreme loyalty and protectiveness of Buffy, seeing her as someone that needed to be taken care of, and nurtured. Buffy then replied gratefully "I'm way ahead of you, Big brother", since that was how she saw him in her life. Xander was shocked and slightly disappointed at her declaration, but he soon realized completely that his protectiveness towards Buffy was no longer driven by romantic attachment. Rather, that of brother caring for his sister.[8] During a discussion with Riley about their respective relationships, Xander stated he envied Riley sometimes, clarifying "I mean for the sanity. Not that I'm still into Buffy. Not that I ever was."[4] Nevertheless, though losing his romantic attachment to her, he retained his protectiveness over her and was a common source of support. However, Xander had bluntly pointed out why Buffy's relationship had failed and how she had constantly been treating him like he was just convenient despite how much Riley was in love with her. Buffy was grateful towards his words in the end, and had immediately tried to stop him from leaving but was ultimately too late.[85] When Buffy was upset to gain Spike's attention and believed to be something wrong with her, Xander honestly said that she had a great heart and that the right person would see her for what she is someday, insisting that she should just "be Buffy." Buffy was touched by this gesture and hugged him out of gratitude. He would also dance with her at a party in an effort to cheer her up.[111] When informed of Spike's feelings for her, Xander was initially greatly amused by it but upon seeing how unsettled Buffy was over it, took it more seriously. His protectiveness of her increased and he showed stronger contempt and distrust towards him.[86][111] Assuming Buffy was involved with Spike due to a sighting of the Buffybot, Xander did his best to express understanding and believed her mother's death had been what drove her to sleep with Spike. He would also reinforce his deep protectiveness of Buffy, threatening to kill Spike if he had to since he would do anything to protect her.[112] After leaving Sunnydale while on the run from Glory, Xander began to worry about the stress she was put under and whether or not she was thinking with a clear head. He, however, was reassured by Giles she would be fine.[113] When Buffy sacrificed herself to save the world, Xander was in shock and dazed at seeing her dead body.[87] He went along with Willow's resurrection despite his misgivings because of his desire to have Buffy back,[88] but was angered and guilty that she had to dig out of her own grave.[104] Xander and Buffy's friendship briefly became strained at the realization that Buffy had been sleeping with Spike, showing disgust and anger that she had lied to him and didn't tell him.[34] They came to reconcile when Xander admitted he wouldn't have reacted with understanding if she told him earlier anyway and acknowledged how hard it was for her return from Heaven.[35] Xander also defended Buffy from the Potentials, bluntly telling them in a speech that he saw her heart and that she cares about people more than any of them will know which touched Buffy and surprised Faith.[39] Buffy and Xander became closer after the destruction of Sunnydale as he was often there as a source of comfort in her loneliness that year. Despite being mostly identified as just friends, Buffy was shown in a dream to attempt a less-than-platonic kiss on him (which promptly caused his head to pop off his shoulders in her dream), and it was implied they once slept in the same bed.[105] When she lost her powers, Buffy and Xander shared a tender moment in a field.[46] She eventually realized that she did actually like Xander romantically but when confessing this to Xander, he declined her feelings, explaining that it might have made a difference a couple of years ago and if she actually meant it. Buffy was annoyed with this statement but he again explained that her feelings are probably due to loneliness and her need for stability. He also stated it was hard to believe her after so many years and the fact that she jumps to her best friend right after experimenting with Satsu. When told by Xander that he now truly loved Dawn, Buffy, though upset and regretful, accepted his rejection, not wanting to take him away from her sister.[47] Despite this, Xander had explored her new-found superpowers with her and had teasingly said: "And you're really cute with a spunky personality that beats the bad guys."[114] After Xander's attempted killing of Angel after his murder of Giles, Xander relented when Buffy stopped him and tearfully begged him not to do this as she could not bear losing anyone else, especially Xander himself by betraying his very being.[48] Following the end of magic, Buffy and Xander's friendship becomes more distant, causing her to again feel isolated.[115] After briefly resuming their previous closeness,[51] this quickly fell apart afterward when Dawn fell into an irreversible coma and was on the road to her death. Emotionally frustrated and worked up, Xander let out all of his pent-up resentment towards Buffy the entire year. He harshly blamed her for her sister being near-death and then coldly criticizing his friend for sleeping with Angel (the catalyst that led too much of these consequences). Miserable and guilty, Buffy promised him they would help save Dawn despite Xander's unforgiving attitude towards her.[96] Not willing to forgive Buffy (mostly due to her constant claim that this was not her fault) or see reason, Xander left and went for a walk. Struggling with incompetence and the looming loss he was facing, he agreed to team up with Buffy's enemies Severin and Simone as through Illyria's stolen powers, he bribed him by saying he could find a way to reverse the effects of Twilight In a moment of weakness, he accepted despite his reluctance to betray Buffy, tired of "watching those he loves die".[48] Oddly, Xander had, for the most part, told Buffy the truth anyway about the proposition Severin had offered of the reversal Twilight and was shown to be exceptionally hurt and angry that she had naturally assumed he would betray her. He denied this and reminded her that she once killed herself to save Dawn's life and he could not forget this. Nevertheless, Xander was shown playing both sides. Giving information to Severin and Simone over Buffy's next move involving the Deeper Well while giving her information on them.[52] However, Xander's resolve and certainty in his plan cracked when Buffy and Willow resolved to continue their way through the Deeper Well. He panicked and protested against it, certain they would die if the moved forward. When neither of them budged, a guilty Xander willingly told them over his betrayal and pact with Severin. Buffy was particularly hurt and betrayed by this and when it became clear that going back in time would create reality tears in the universe, she was furious and harshly said to Xander that she once again had to save the world, this time because of his mistakes.[53] Buffy continued to express her anger and betrayal towards him, even holding her scythe to her throat longer than necessary when he appeared to her suddenly. Xander was angry, admitting that he did screw up by making a pact with Severin and Simone, but he wasn't the only one. He pointed out that all of them made wrong choices that led them to the Deeper Well so they all had some blame involved in it. Buffy's attitude softened somewhat, but still did not fully forgive him.[54]
File:Btvs-primeval xander riley.jpg

Riley and Xander always got along good as friends.

  • Riley Finn — Unlike Buffy's previous long-term boyfriend, Xander showed no jealously to Riley despite his previous crush on Buffy. Still, Xander had once described Riley as a "Teutonic boy toy"[62] and "okay in an oafish sort of way."[116] Like the rest of Scooby Gang (excluding Buffy) were suspicious of Riley's affiliation with the Initiative. In awe of the military compound and Buffy's easy access to it, Xander once remarked jokingly "Can I have sex with Riley, too?" while he and Buffy intercepted the Initiative, earning a pointed glare from Buffy.[117] When Riley was dealing with Buffy's relationship with Angel, Xander had shared with him why Angel left and that his trigger for turning evil was sleeping with Buffy. Upon the realization that Buffy had omitted this detail and that Riley assumed she had slept with him again during her visit in L.A., Xander tried to make him feel better. He told him that Buffy's time with Angel was "ancient history" and there was no way Buffy would sleep with him again. Riley was grateful for the reassurance, though still privately doubted it. Xander had also loaned him some of his clothes when he was running low.[103] Like Oz, the Xander and Riley bonded over the fact they were the only two males in Buffy's circle of friends (excluding Giles and Spike). Riley even helped him move boxes out of the basement. They discussed their respective relationships, causing Riley to admit to him that he was in love with Buffy. Despite this, he confessed to Xander that he knew Buffy didn't love him back. Xander seemed to agree with this statement, casting Riley sympathetic glances when the two kissed.[4] When Riley's insecurities culminated into reckless behavior, Xander was the most sympathetic, vaguely mentioning that Riley felt Buffy did not return his feelings. However, Buffy and the entire group were oblivious to his insinuations.[118] Riley and Xander would also playfully engage in a mock fight while helping Buffy move out of her college dorm, only to be stopped under the request of Buffy and Giles.[119] Xander would also express slight admiration of Riley, admitting that he wishes he was as cool as him.[120] Xander became increasingly annoyed and worried by Riley's newfound reckless behavior,[121][122] but had nonetheless fully defended him when Buffy was reluctant to chase after him when he decided to join the military. Xander had insisted Riley would do anything for Buffy and that he was the type of person you only find "once in a lifetime" which was why she should try to stop him if she truly believed she could love him at some point. Thanks to him, Buffy had tried to stop him from leaving her but by then the helicopter had already taken off.[123] After Riley left, Xander didn't miss him extremely but found it hard to believe he had actually left the Scooby Gang. He was also particularly bothered he had forgotten to give him a crescent wrench before he had left.[32] When Riley returned, Xander was happy to see him and the two hugged as Riley left once more.[124] A few years later during a conversation with Buffy, Xander described Riley as a "brainy guy" and when Buffy called him a "fanboy" Xander replied "Your only boyfriend that was never a psychotic demon? I was always Team Riley."[47]
  • Andrew Wells — Despite their previous clashes when Andrew was with the Trio, Andrew and Xander eventually developed a nerdy camaraderie due to their mutual love of science fiction and comic books. Andrew once ignored Willow and Kennedy making out to appreciate Xander's work on the windows, and thoughtfully described him as "extraordinary". He later watched an interview he had recorded with Xander and Anya, mimicking Anya's "lines" as though he was talking to Xander.[125] Xander, while initially dismissing Andrew as "annoying," became fond of him over time, sending him a mbuna fish as a present when Xander was supposedly in Africa.[40] While training his Slayers in Italy, Andrew remained in frequent contact with the Scotland-based Xander.[105]
  • Dracula — Initially, Dracula took on Xander as an emissary to spy on Buffy for him in the daylight, while calling him "strange and off-putting". Buffy was able to defeat him and Dracula went on his way. After the destruction of Sunnydale, Dracula became lonely and again put Xander under his thrall. The two became strange friends, with Dracula calling Xander "manservant" and Xander teaching him how to ride a motorbike. After living in Dracula's castle for the unknown part of a year, Buffy liberated Xander from Dracula once again. They didn't meet again until Xander came to him for help against a group of Japanese vampires. Dracula expressed disgust at the slayers and Xander's new love interest, Renee, but agreed to help. When Renee was killed in the Tokyo battle, Dracula handed over the vampire responsible for Xander to have his revenge. When Dracula came to San Francisco to investigate the powers of the new vampires, Xander once again fell under Dracula's thrall. The two got away with the Vampyr book, which Xander wrote into that Dracula "became the most powerful vampire of all", unintentionally causing Dracula to transform into the Old One Maloker. Dracula urged the others to kill him, telling Xander it would mean a great deal to him if he was the one to put an end to it. Xander instead managed to reverse the transformation, and also broke the power Dracula had over everyone, including himself. Dracula took this to mean he and Xander would not be seeing each other again, but Xander assured him that they could still hang out, as long as it was as normal people, and the two parted on friendly terms.

Familial

  • Jessica Harris and Anthony Harris — Xander has had a dysfunctional relationship with his parents since childhood, so much so Xander has rarely ever talked about them unless he was making fun of them in some way or another. His mother was a drunk and did not have any skill in cooking,[126] which amused Xander. His father Anthony verbally and physically abused Xander when he was drunk by alcohol, setting psychological scars on him.[8] Xander has also been seen to sleep outside of his parent's house during his high school years on Christmas Eve, wanting to avoid his parents' loud drunken fights.[127] They had also forced him to live in their basement after graduating from Sunnydale High, forcing him to pay rent even,[100] showcasing his distant relationship with them. In a revealing dream of his because of the First Slayer, Xander feared he belonged in the basement and would never truly be someone in life. Snyder described him as a "whipping boy. Raised by mongrels and put on a sacrificial stone."[8] When Xander's drunken parents continued their dysfunctional cycle, he resolved to move out of the basement. Irritated, he sardonically said "I really need to find a new place. Something a little nicer. Buffy, you've been to Hell. They have one-bedrooms, right?"[4] When Willow expressed a desire to reconnect with her own mother after Buffy's had died, Xander was against any serious bonding with his parents and had even preferred connecting to Willow's rather than them.[86] When Anya arranged Buffy to sit next to his family on her chart for the wedding, Xander had discouraged it, saying to her "Yeah, except we don't hate Buffy."[128] Despite his estranged relationship with his family, he had invited them to his wedding to Anya Jenkins, which only ended in embarrassment for him because of his drunken family members.[7]
  • Rupert Giles — Xander first worked with librarian Rupert Giles and the other founding Scoobies at Sunnydale High, where he often comically commented on Giles' uptight, formal disposition. As an adolescent, he sometimes confided in Giles and was always surprised to learn about Giles' true past and life. He was shocked to discover Giles' history as "Ripper",[129] and when he learned that Giles owned a television, he jokingly claimed: "He's shallow like the rest of us!"[79] In response, Giles tended to scorn Xander's rather juvenile approach to life.[130] When Xander fell asleep while he was supposed to be watching over Oz on the full moon, he scolded him for his rashness and stupidity (though it's likely he was simply worried about his safety).[131] Xander was also deeply disturbed when he saw Giles singing "Behind Blue Eyes" at the Espresso Pump, seeing it as incredibly awkward and creepy. Anya, Willow, and Tara found it sexy, much to his horror and shock.[83] Giles continued to clash with Xander's quirks. When Xander was split into his weaker and stronger parts, Giles even bluntly commented they were a bad influence on each other.[4] Over the years, Xander came to view Giles in an almost parental way. Xander's insecurities about his own parents caused him to rely on Giles more and more as he grew into a young adult, at which time it became clear that they were quite fond of each other. They clashed less as Xander aged and matured. When Xander went to Scotland with Buffy and Willow, he took over as Buffy's Watcher during her separation from Giles. When he returned at the time of the Twilight incident, Xander discouraged him from doing any "rash acts of nobility" beforehand. Ironically, it was such an act that resulted in Giles' death at the hands of a Twilight-possessed Angel.[132] Driven into a rage, Xander had immediately tried vengeance for Giles, coming extremely close to staking the vampire if not for Buffy. Xander would later reflect on his huge amount of uselessness when he had only been able to sit back and watch while Giles' neck was snapped.[48]
  • Joyce Summers — Joyce took a surrogate mother position to the entire Scooby Gang, including Xander. Though she had briefly flirted with him after Xander had Amy do a love spell, which affected all women around him.[23] He had also dreamed of Joyce hitting on him, but as did Willow and Tara.[8] Outside of these two instances, Xander saw Joyce as a mother figure and following her death, he was both angry and upset that Joyce passed him. He had punched the wall out of anger (creating a hole) and blamed it on the doctors messing up on Joyce's condition.[133]

Antagonistic

  • Amy Madison — Amy and Xander knew each other from junior high through high school. However, contrary to Willow, it was a genuine friendship. Xander becomes wary when she becomes a witch. Although occasionally both became allied to create a love spell concerning a common nemesis, Cordelia. However, when Amy becomes an evil witch and Warren Mears's girlfriend, Xander establish certain disdain on her.
  • Larry Blaisdell — Larry was originally a jock who bullied Xander in high school. He had once tried to fight him after hearing Larry talk crudely about Buffy's possible performance in bed, only to feel emasculated as she instead pushed him to the wall roughly.[21] However, their relationship changed due to a humorous misunderstanding while Xander was trying to investigate culprits in a murder. Larry admitted he was gay and became more comfortable with himself afterward (mistakenly believing Xander himself was a closet homosexual). This event greatly unnerved him, trying to correct his belief, but Xander never got the chance. Afterward, Xander resolved to never talk about it again.[97] They had a friendly relationship afterward, Larry continuing to believe Xander was gay.[72]
Xander&angelus

Xander faces Angelus when he went to visit Buffy.

  • Angel — Xander was jealous of Buffy's love for Angel while Angel was, in turn, jealous of him. When first seeing him, Xander gained an immediate contempt and was suspicious because Buffy never told him that Angel was "buff" and "a very attractive man".[15] When Buffy's was on the line, Xander hesitantly joined forces with Angel to save her and the two eventually worked together to fight vampires, despite this Xander did confirm that he saw Angel not as a person, but only as another vampire.[19] Xander had also at one point given Angel the childish nickname of "Dead Boy", greatly annoying him. Xander had also shown to be discouraged when he had tried to order him to action, insulting him as bossy.[134] As time went on, his attitude towards Angel softened somewhat and he leaped to the vampire's defense when Kendra suggested killing him, saying "Angel's our friend! Except I don't like him,"[22] in addition to actually expressing concern about him when he goes missing and seeming relieved when he reappeared.[11] After Angel lost his soul and became Angelus, Xander supported killing him rather than restoring his soul, even threatening Angelus that he would be there when the vampire was finally killed. When Willow attempted to restore Angel's soul, Xander deliberately did not tell Buffy in hopes that she would kill him. He was ostensibly angry about the death of Jenny Calendar, though it is unclear how much he was motivated by her death and how much by jealousy. But he was willing to help the gang restore his soul. Xander was then greatly jealous and judgmental when realizing Buffy had been tending to Angel in secret after stumbling on her making out with him, harshly criticizing her for harboring a murderer. In his jealousy, he had briefly agreed to kill him with Faith but later grudgingly defended him when coming across Giles being knocked out. He had not jumped to conclusions completely like her and explained that Angel wouldn't have been responsible, insisting it was not his style.[26] His antagonism toward him seemed to briefly be pushed down as he was able to work with him without dislike[135] and was quickly friendly with him while on a "date" with a girl who only talked about cars but because the girl was annoying him.[13] However, after getting punched in the face by Angel (under the guise of Angelus), he had been bitter about it and immediately told everyone he was right all along about him, unaware that it was actually Angel and not Angelus who had hit him. This did not make him feel better when he found out, sarcastically saying it was a "good bruise" since he had still had his soul.[69] Xander did seem concerned for Angel when he was struck by Faith and delirious, actively helping for Buffy's sake.[72] However, his dislike for him once again resurfaced. Xander was shown to be angry with him after realizing he had fed off Buffy, even claiming "Well, it's good to know that when the chips are down and things look grim, you'll feed off the girl who loves you to save your own ass!", making Angel even more guilty. But he understood him and was still willing to work with him. This event caused him to want Angel to really leave Sunnydale. When Xander was the "key" person against the Mayor, he was seen to be delighted that he could order him around, much to Angel's visible annoyance. Buffy was shown to be exasperated with this, comparing them to fighting old ladies.[29] After leaving to Los Angeles, Angel and Xander very briefly run into each other when he was trying to protect Buffy secretly because of Doyle's vision. Xander was shocked and had immediately assumed he was evil, comically offending Angel and but Angel wasn't and allied with him secretly. After Angel had finished his mission, Xander accidentally exposed his presence in Sunnydale, causing Buffy to go to Los Angeles.[81] During a conversation with Riley, Xander admitted that he still hated the "guts" part of him. However, he didn't deny it when Riley said he hated him because of his distrust and fear of his curse, not a true dislike of who he was.[136] Years later, when Angel's position as Twilight was exposed and he had been possessed into killing Giles in front of him, Xander had completely lost any restraint or tolerance of him. Despite his explanations of being possessed, he had ignored them and coldly retorted he always had excuses. Xander violently fought with Angel (who was barely defending himself), nearly succeeding in staking him with the slayer scythe. Despite his immense hatred and disgust towards him, he allowed him to live when Buffy stopped him under the grounds that he would lose himself as a person if he went through with it.[48] However, they were later able to work together to defeat Archaeus, and once the crisis was resolved, Xander made peace with Angel, citing his therapy sessions, as well as his belief that they had more in common than he realized, comparing his current relationship with Dawn to Angel's own struggles with Buffy choosing Spike over him.[137]
  • Spike— Xander had always greatly disliked and distrusted Spike. When Giles had ordered Spike to be his roommate for some time, Xander was angry and indignant. He had tied Spike up to a chair every time he went to sleep, just in case he would try and bite him while he slept. Spike bluntly denied this, seeing him as too distasteful to bite, much to Xander's protest. When he had lost his voice, Xander had immediately seen Spike as responsible and later violently beat him up when he thought he had fed on Anya.[82] Spike continued to be of no help to Xander in cleaning up the basement and ordered him around constantly. Xander lost patience and launched a tirade against him, calling him useless and a complete waste of space that wasn't even worth the time to beat up, taunting him by saying he wasn't the Big Bad anymore. Spike attempted to commit suicide and stake himself, failing in the process. Xander made note of this and reprimanded him by saying he should've let him stake him since they've been through a lot in the basement, much to Willow's disapproval.[138] Xander was immensely relieved and happy when Spike left to find his own crypt.[139] When an angry and left out Anya went to Spike to hang out with and talk to, Xander was immediately jealous and taunted Spike. Amused, Spike returned with his own snark. Xander, however, got the upper hand when he raised his voice in the Initiative's party by calling him "Hostile 17". Spike naturally became jumpy and uncomfortable. When no attention was drawn to him, he left him to drink beer.[83] Xander would later reluctantly loan him an outfit when he supposedly went to infiltrate the Initiative but mocked Spike by saying he really didn't care if anything happened to him. He did, however, believe Spike when he said Buffy and Willow had thought he was joining the army, successfully creating a wedge between Buffy's connection with her friends.[103] Upon the realization that Spike had been working with Adam, Xander had been outraged, but then muttered he couldn't even act surprised that he had betrayed them.[84] After moving out of his basement, Xander recalled when Spike had briefly lived with him, listing the event as one of the reasons why he hated the place.[4] After an argument with Anya and Willow, Xander had run into Spike at The Bronze. He was immediately abrupt and harsh towards the vampire, telling him to leave him alone. When Spike had insisted on staying to annoy him, Xander had a brief moment of connection with him. They played pool together and Xander explained to Spike his problems with Anya and Willow. However, Spike was only interested in knowing whether or not Buffy blamed him for her break-up with Riley.[32] When first told of Spike's obsession with Buffy, Xander laughed over it and even claimed he hoped it was true because then it would be even funnier. He mocked his feelings and didn't see Spike as having a genuine love for Buffy despite what he believed.[140] Being one of the most hostile towards Spike already, Xander quickly joined the Scoobies in ostracizing him over his feelings for her.[111] When Spike had left flowers for Joyce, Xander had assumed he was trying to get points with Buffy and refused to allow him to bring them in. He was extremely hostile towards him and expressed his strong contempt of Spike's feelings through his protectiveness for Buffy. Upon realizing that he left the flowers anonymous, Xander was shocked.[86] He would also threaten Spike when he wrongly believed he was involved with Buffy and reminded him that he would do anything to protect her, along with the rest of her friends even if that meant killing him. However, Xander felt some sympathy for Spike after getting so beat up by Glory and getting his "favorite toy" taken away from him.[112] Despite this, Xander was against the decision of letting Spike protect Dawn from Glory under Buffy's orders and openly threatened to throw him out of the Winnebago in daylight. However, he was able to have a benign conversation with him over their situation, though he nonetheless said he didn't like him.[113] Xander was also angry when Spike had slapped Buffy in an attempt to get her out of her catatonia and had even punched him, only to be separated by Willow.[141] However, Xander's antagonism softened slightly, shown with how he allowed Spike to be Dawn's babysitter on a regular basis during Buffy's death.[88] He was especially suspicious of Spike after his attempted rape of Buffy, even after Spike regained his soul. He also resented Spike for having sex with Anya even though he was broken up with her at the time, even almost killing a defenseless Spike in a jealous rage before being stopped by Anya.[34] However, the two later worked together effectively because of a shared concern for Dawn's well-being.[142] The enmity between the two appeared to have faded after a while when Spike saved Xander and the rest of the Scoobies' lives in the Hellmouth[89] and later in Tibet.[143] It's safe to assume that Xander did still dislike Spike, as he did not invite him in his apartment under normal circumstances which forced Buffy to talk to him outside.[78] When Spike called him during his time in the Deeper Well, Xander was mostly unfriendly towards him. However, he nonetheless seemed to appreciate he had told him of Simone's plan and Dawn rapidly disappearing. In turn, Spike had Xander listed under the name "Wanker" in his cell phone.[54] Recently, their antagonism was transformed into a real friendship. When Spike denied Buffy's renewed feelings, Xander council him to try this relation, reuniting the two lovers.
  • Wesley Wyndam-Pryce — Xander's dislike of Wesley, unlike the other Scoobies, mostly stemmed from jealousy than incompetence. Cordelia had been very open with her attraction to him and heavily flirted with him often, much to Xander's constant annoyance. He had jealously mocked her compliments of Wesley while alone, stating "I love how you talk, Wesley! I love how you sing, Wesley! Can you say the words jail bait, Wesley?! Grimy bastard. "However, when assuming Angelus had been set free again, he had shown anger and blamed him, believing that he had put Buffy in danger.[69] He had also unsuccessfully tried to convince himself that Cordelia wasn't that attractive, only to immediately contradict himself when he saw Wesley eye her, falling into another fit of jealousy and dislike for him.[70] Soon after, he had shown anger that Wesley had wanted to not trade the box and leave Willow kidnapped, angrily stating "Want a volunteer to hit Wesley?"[71] Xander would also once jokingly claim that Wesley was the result of inbreeding when Cordelia wanted an explanation of why he was leaving Sunnydale.[29] After Graduation, Xander never saw Wesley again.
  • Harmony Kendall — Xander shared a natural antagonism towards Harmony, not so different towards Cordelia before she joined the Scooby Gang. Harmony, in turn, considered him a loser and scolded Cordelia for dating him.[23] After graduation, the two bumped into each other, with Xander aware of Harmony's vampiric nature and her affiliation with Spike, the two fought. Due to Xander's amateurish fighting skills and Harmony's uncommon inability to utilize her vampiric strengths, they mutually resolved to let go of each other. Xander was deeply ashamed of the fight, feeling like he had lost some of his dignity with how pathetic it was.[62] They later encountered each other again during Harmony's attempt at assassinating the Slayer, only for her to find Xander at Buffy's home looking after her kid sister. Xander laughed at the concept of Harmony possessing minions while Harmony reminded him of his status in high school and even heard of his enslavement to Dracula. This lead to Dawn, having harbored a crush on Xander at the time, to unintentionally invite Harmony in, allowing her to beat Xander several times (having started embracing her vampire side) before Xander kicked her out.[92]
  • Warren Mears — Xander held a deep hatred for Warren ever since he shot Buffy and killed Tara. Warren is like an evil version of Xander.[35] When Willow hunted down Warren with the intention of killing him, Xander (along with Dawn and Anya) approved of Warren's death when Buffy didn't, with Xander even remarking that Warren was "as bad as any vamp {that Buffy} sent to Dustville."[36] Xander and Warren remained enemies long after Sunnydale when Warren joined Twilight's cabal to get revenge on the Scoobies.
  • Snyder — Principal Snyder considered Xander to be worth nothing and claimed that whatever came out of his mouth was "a meaningless waste of breath. An airborne toxic event".

Gallery

Buffyverse The Alexander Harris article has a Photo Gallery.


Behind the scenes

  • He was portrayed by Nicholas Brendon, while Kelly Donovan occasionally appeared as his double. He was also dubbed by Daniel Taylor in Season Eight Motion Comic.
  • When Brendon was cast for the role of Xander after, according to Joss Whedon, he asked if "anybody feel like shawarma? I feel like some shawarma". Whedon has described "shawarma" as "the word that probably changed your [Brendon's] life", and used the very same quotation as Tony Stark's line in the Avengers film.[144]
  • Brendon was told by producers to stop working out because they didn't want Xander "looking too buffed."[citation needed]
  • Joss Whedon discussed with Brendon and Sarah Michelle Gellar the idea of Buffy and Xander ending up together at the end of the final season, which the actors reportedly agreed.[145] Gellar has stated she believes Joss Whedon's original intention was "was to put Xander and Buffy together. I really do believe that."[citation needed]
  • Joss Whedon has likened Xander's character to himself and had this to say: "Xander, I've always identified as the figure I most was like, 'cause he did have that inability to sort of... talk to the girl and come through in the big moment. And he does make an idiot of himself a lot. Of course, he's a lot prettier and more muscular than anybody who acts like that should be but this is television, so, get over it."[146]
  • Joss Whedon briefly described Xander in the shooting script for "Welcome to the Hellmouth": "Weaving along the road. On it is XANDER, dressed with the shaggy indifference common to skateboarders. He is bright, funny, and will one day be suave and handsome. Till that day arrives, he'll do the best he can with bright and funny." 
  • Along with Buffy, Willow, Giles, and Angel, he is one of only five characters to appear in both the pilot ("Welcome to the Hellmouth") and series finale of Buffy ("Chosen").
  • Xander was a regular in every episode of every season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, with the exception of "Conversations with Dead People". He is the fourth character with the most appearances in the Buffyverse (143 episodes), after Angel (166), Willow (147) and Buffy (146).
  • Ryan Reynolds was offered the role of Xander but passed on because he "didn't want to play a guy in high school. I had just come out of high school and it was f------ awful."[147] Sarah Michelle Gellar herself refused to believe this when she was told during a Buffy trivia test promoted by SheKnows.com in 2016.[citation needed]
  • Danny Strong auditioned for the role of Xander prior to being cast as Jonathan.

Appearances

Canonical

Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Angel

Other

  • As one of the main characters in the franchise, Xander has also appeared in the majority of Buffy expanded universe material of unknown canonicity, including comic books, novels, and video games.

External links

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 "Blood Ties"
  2. "Tabula Rasa"
  3. "Dead Man's Party"
  4. 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 "The Replacement"
  5. Season Eight Motion Comic
  6. Xander claims he is seventeen in "Innocence" which takes place a day after Buffy's seventeenth birthday, indicating he was at least born sometime before she was.
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 "Hell's Bells"
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 "Restless"
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 "Welcome to the Hellmouth"
  10. "The Killer in Me"
  11. 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 "Innocence"
  12. "Nightmares"
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 "The Zeppo"
  14. "The Harvest"
  15. 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Teacher's Pet"
  16. 16.0 16.1 "The Pack"
  17. "Never Kill a Boy on the First Date"
  18. "Angel"
  19. 19.0 19.1 19.2 "Prophecy Girl"
  20. 20.0 20.1 20.2 "Inca Mummy Girl"
  21. 21.0 21.1 "Halloween"
  22. 22.0 22.1 22.2 "What's My Line, Part Two"
  23. 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 "Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered"
  24. "Go Fish"
  25. "Passion"
  26. 26.0 26.1 "Revelations"
  27. 27.0 27.1 27.2 "Lovers Walk"
  28. 28.0 28.1 28.2 "The Wish"
  29. 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 "Graduation Day, Part Two"
  30. "Buffy vs. Dracula"
  31. 31.0 31.1 "Wolves at the Gate, Part Two"
  32. 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 "Triangle"
  33. "Once More, with Feeling"
  34. 34.0 34.1 34.2 "Entropy"
  35. 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 "Seeing Red"
  36. 36.0 36.1 "Villains"
  37. 37.0 37.1 37.2 "Grave"
  38. "Potential"
  39. 39.0 39.1 "Dirty Girls"
  40. 40.0 40.1 "Damage"
  41. Antique
  42. "The Long Way Home, Part One"
  43. Wolves at the Gate, Part One
  44. "Wolves at the Gate, Part Three"
  45. Wolves at the Gate, Part Four
  46. 46.0 46.1 46.2 Retreat
  47. 47.0 47.1 47.2 Turbulence
  48. 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 48.6 48.7 48.8 48.9 "The Watcher"
  49. Freefall, Part Two
  50. Apart (of Me), Part Two
  51. 51.0 51.1 Welcome to the Team, Part One
  52. 52.0 52.1 52.2 The Core, Part One
  53. 53.0 53.1 The Core, Part Two
  54. 54.0 54.1 54.2 The Core, Part Three
  55. The Core, Part Four
  56. 56.0 56.1 "When She Was Bad"
  57. "Bad Eggs"
  58. "The Dark Age"
  59. "Innocence"
  60. "Checkpoint"
  61. "Into the Woods"
  62. 62.0 62.1 62.2 "The Initiative"
  63. "Fool for Love"
  64. "Never Leave Me"
  65. http://atpobtvs.com/51.html#503
  66. "Tough Love"
  67. "The Gift"
  68. "Homecoming"
  69. 69.0 69.1 69.2 "Enemies"
  70. 70.0 70.1 "Earshot"
  71. 71.0 71.1 "Choices"
  72. 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 "Graduation Day, Part One"
  73. 73.0 73.1 "The Prom"
  74. "City Of"
  75. "Birthday"
  76. "Consequences"
  77. "Who Are You?"
  78. 78.0 78.1 Last Gleaming
  79. 79.0 79.1 "The Harsh Light of Day"
  80. "Fear, Itself"
  81. 81.0 81.1 "Pangs"
  82. 82.0 82.1 "Hush"
  83. 83.0 83.1 83.2 "Where the Wild Things Are"
  84. 84.0 84.1 84.2 "Primeval"
  85. 85.0 85.1 "Into the Woods"
  86. 86.0 86.1 86.2 86.3 "Forever"
  87. 87.0 87.1 "The Gift"
  88. 88.0 88.1 88.2 88.3 "Bargaining, Part One"
  89. 89.0 89.1 "Chosen"
  90. "Beneath You"
  91. "First Date"
  92. 92.0 92.1 "Real Me"
  93. "Crush"
  94. "Him"
  95. Freefall
  96. 96.0 96.1 Welcome to the Team, Part Four
  97. 97.0 97.1 97.2 "Phases"
  98. "Gingerbread"
  99. "Helpless"
  100. 100.0 100.1 100.2 "The Freshman"
  101. "New Moon Rising"
  102. "I Was Made to Love You"
  103. 103.0 103.1 103.2 103.3 "The Yoko Factor"
  104. 104.0 104.1 "Bargaining, Part Two"
  105. 105.0 105.1 105.2 The Long Way Home
  106. "Help"
  107. "Witch"
  108. "Reptile Boy"
  109. "Killed by Death"
  110. "Goodbye Iowa"
  111. 111.0 111.1 111.2 "I Was Made to Love You"
  112. 112.0 112.1 "Intervention"
  113. 113.0 113.1 "Spiral"
  114. Twlight
  115. Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Nine
  116. "The I in Team"
  117. "Goodbye Iowa"
  118. "Out of My Mind"
  119. "Family"
  120. "Fool for Love"
  121. "Shadow"
  122. "Listening to Fear"
  123. "Into the Woods"
  124. "As You Were"
  125. "Storyteller"
  126. "Out of Mind, Out of Sight"
  127. "Amends"
  128. "Gone"
  129. "The Dark Age"
  130. "Superstar"
  131. "Beauty and the Beasts"
  132. Last Gleaming, Part Five
  133. "The Body"
  134. "Lie to Me"
  135. "Doppelgangland"
  136. "The Yoko Factor"
  137. Old Demons, Part Three
  138. "Doomed"
  139. "A New Man"
  140. "Crush"
  141. "The Weight of the World"
  142. "Him"
  143. Twilight, Part Four
  144. Jill Pantozzi, "Buffy’s Xander Is Responsible For That Avengers Shawarma Scene". The Mary Sue, October 11, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  145. Esther Zuckerman, "Buffy The Vampire Slayer’s Nicholas Brendon thinks Xander was underrated". The A.V. Club, March 8, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  146. From Joss Whedon's audio commentary of the episode "Welcome to the Hellmouth" in the DVD set of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season One, Disc One
  147. Philip Marchand, "No regrets for Canuck actor Ryan Reynolds". The Star, February 12, 2008. Retrieved April 30, 2019.